The emergence of strategists
Strategists appeared from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and most of them were strategists, which can be called the earliest and most special diplomatic politician in China in 5, years. Their appearance was mainly due to the fact that the monarchy could not be firmly unified at that time, and they needed to win without fighting on the basis of rich national strength by combining, repelling, threatening, indulging or assisting with the method of military force, or get the maximum benefit with less losses. Their ingenuity, thoughts, means and strategies were basically the best way to deal with the problems between countries at that time, and they were a unique historical stage in the history of the world. The wisdom they created under historical conditions could not be surpassed by any later dynasty. Most strategists are born in poverty, which is a kind of extraordinary liberation, creation and exertion of human wisdom under the most difficult speculation. They can talk about princes with their clothes, retreat millions of heroes with their three-inch tongues, and solve unexpected dangers with their skills. Su Qinpei's six countries are mutually printed, and even the six countries forced Qin to abandon the throne; Zhang Yiyou is only sketchy, and he has won six hundred miles with a piece of words; Tang Ju was witty and brave, and denounced Qin Wang Cun Meng for tasting the fief; Xiang Ru was not a military commander, but he was as upright as the king of Qin, and not only returned to Zhao intact, but also did not humiliate Zhao. People in all walks of life are intelligent, and there are many benevolent people. If their affairs are contemporary, they will certainly make the beneficiaries more than shallow ears.
The representative figure of the strategists
His ancestor was Guiguzi, who was born in the Warring States period, and his birthplace was unknown, so he was named after hiding in Guiguzi. He once taught four disciples, Su, Zhang, Sun and Pang, all of whom were important figures in the Warring States Period. Later, there were many people who studied the vertical and horizontal techniques of Guigu, including more than ten famous people, such as Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Gan Mao, Sima Cuo, Le Yi, Fan Ju, Cai Ze, Zou Ji, Mao Sui, Li Shiqi, Kuai Tong, etc. Everything was detailed in The Warring States Policy.
The main works of strategists
Today, there are only 13 Guiguzi, 33 Warring States Policy (not written by his disciples, mainly the words and deeds of strategists, but also practical exercises for strategists), 31 Su Zi and 1 Zhang Zi. Guiguzi's seven chapters of Yinfu of the Classic are the method of cultivating self-cultivation. The Classic means the basic program, and Yinfu is a secret symbol, which is very mysterious. Only readers can understand, but they can't tell the essence. The so-called carefree mind is difficult to say yes to you. The theory of Guiguzi is very detailed and subtle, which is not easy to say. More importantly, this book focuses on use. If you learn it without using it, it will be harmful for a long time. You must learn, use and appreciate. The book Warring States Policy is a collection of travel stories, and almost all the words and deeds of strategists are in this book. There are three characteristics: first, ingenuity, second, the truth and falsehood, and third, the words are wonderful.
the theory of vertical and horizontal strategists
is mainly vertical and horizontal, or the combination of weak and strong is vertical; Or a strong thing to attack the weak, this is horizontal. The former is mainly based on company, so we can know how to unite and unite by diplomatic means, which is to seek more conspiracy for others and less conspiracy; The latter is mainly based on breaking, so we can know how to use contradictions and interests to create cracks, which is more for conspiracy and less for conspiracy. This is a strategic thought, and it is the basis for doing great things by arguing. If you don't check this, you will lobby for it. Requirements for vertical and horizontal counselors: knowing the overall situation, being good at trying to figure out, arguing, changing opportunities, being full of wisdom and courage, being long in strategy and being able to make decisions.
Specific thoughts
First of all, we must have the clearest understanding of the reality, determine the target of Lian Heng, and then know that his vassals made speeches for people, and the methods of lobbying, either promoting or combining the two, or suppressing first, or promoting first and then suppressing. As long as the symptoms are right, everything will be wonderful. Secondly, in the process of lobbying, we should first observe its reaction, act according to circumstances, and examine its relationship with ourselves. If it is the same, we will continue. Otherwise, we should make up for the mistakes, and then use the technique of flying clamp to lure or harm to find out the truth. This is one of the most important methods of lobbying, and then we can deeply examine its heart with the technique of trying to figure out its similarities and differences, and then make a quick and correct decision with the technique of using power.
The influence of the strategists' thoughts in the world
After the First World War, the famous German scholar Bingler highly praised China's strategists in his book The Decline of Thoughts, which was considered as a practical reference. In the 197s, famous American diplomats were deeply influenced by the book The Decline of the West. Some people even call Kissinger a modern Su Qin and Yi Cheung. Today's world situation is quite similar to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Although vertical and horizontal techniques cannot dominate the world's historical development, they can also be used as a supplement to influence the world pattern. It's harmless to use it, no pity. Takeo Hashimoto, a Japanese scholar and entrepreneur, applied Guiguzi to his business activities and wrote an application example of Guiguzi, named "The Art of War" and "Guiguzi". It can be seen that Guiguzi has not only received worldwide attention, but also entered a wider range of social fields from a purely diplomatic field.
the history of yin and yang
the concept of yin and yang was first seen in the Book of Changes, and the concept of "five elements" was first seen in Shangshu, but the emergence of the two concepts can be traced back to a longer time.
in the warring States period, yin and yang gradually merged with the five elements, forming a new conceptual model, that is, the world view based on the theory of "yin and yang news, five elements transfer". Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and using it to explain social personnel. This school, which originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendar in ancient times, is also called "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School" or "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School".
Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of Six Schools" lists "Yin and Yang Schools" as the first of the six schools.
one of the "hundred schools of thought": Liu Xin recorded more than 1 famous works in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzilue, which was listed as one of the "Nine-stream Ten Scholars". Later books such as Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi and Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu made the works of hundred schools of thought (an academic school from pre-Qin to Han Dynasty) rise to thousands. However, there are only dozens of the most famous schools with wide spread and great influence, such as Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang School, Legalist School, Famous Scholars, Mohist School, Strategist, Peasant Family, Miscellaneous Family and Novelist.
Thought
Its thoughts mainly originated from Confucianism founded by Confucius and the "Six Classics" advocated by Confucianism.
In the view of nature, the theory of the evolution of the universe is put forward by using the concept of Yin and Yang in Zhouyi. From the "division of Kyushu" in Shangshu Yugong, the theory of "Great Kyushu" is put forward, and China is considered as Chixian Shenzhou, with a small Kyushu inside and one of the "Great Kyushu" outside (Hu Shi once praised the geographical concept of Yin and Yang in his "Long History of Medieval Thought in China"); In the view of history, the concept of five elements in Shangshu Hongfan is transformed into the theory of "the end of five virtues" (which will be discussed below), and it is believed that the rise and fall of dynasties are all dominated by five elements; In political ethics, he also "stops at benevolence and frugality, and the monarch and the minister are superior to each other", and agrees with the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, it emphasizes that "due to the great harmony of Yin and Yang" contains some knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, which has certain scientific value.
Decline
In the early Han Dynasty, the Yin and Yang schools still existed. After Emperor Wudi's strike of 1 schools, some contents were integrated into the Confucian ideology and some were absorbed by primitive Taoism, so the Yin and Yang schools, as an independent school, disappeared.
Representative figures
During the Warring States Period, there were Gong Yunsheng, Gong Sunfa, Nan Gong and others, but Zou Yan was the most famous (Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing in Historical Records was accompanied by a biography of Zou Yan).
Works
Records of Han Art and Literature contains 369 articles by 21 schools of Yin and Yang. Fourteen articles of "the beginning and end of public life" Twenty-two articles of GongSunFa. Forty-nine articles of Zou Zi. Fifty-six chapters of the beginning of Zou Zi. Five articles of "Riding on the Hill". Six countries time. Five articles of Du Wengong. Twenty pieces of Huangdi Taisu, and so on, but all of them have been lost except a few remaining pieces.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school were recorded in History of Han Arts and Literature, and all of them have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, which was written in the late Warring States period, is said to be the work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to the works of Yin and Yang, and some materials of Yin and Yang are preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Ying Tong, Huai Nan Zi Qi Customs Xun and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.
Now there is a book dedicated to the Yin and Yang family called "Quotations of Yin and Yang Family" full-color book.