Pangu: The Legend of Pangu-The Opening of Heaven and Earth
Legend has it that before the creation of heaven and earth, the universe was as chaotic as a big egg. A giant named Pangu slept in this "big egg" for about 18000 years, and then he woke up and found it was dark around. Pangu opened his huge palm and split into the darkness. There was a loud noise, and the "big egg" was broken, stirring up chaos and darkness for thousands of years. Those light and clear things inside slowly rose and dispersed, turning into a blue sky. And those thick and muddy things, slowly falling, become the land under your feet. Pangu is very happy to stand between heaven and earth. Pangu was afraid that heaven and earth would be the same again, so he supported the sky with his hands and stepped on the ground with his feet, making his body grow ten feet taller every day, and heaven and earth grew ten feet taller with his body. After another 108,000 years, the sky is getting higher and higher, and the land is getting thicker and thicker. Pangu is nine Wan Li in length.
Pangu finally opened the world with his own divine power. But Pangu was also exhausted. Before he died, the breath in his mouth turned into floating clouds in the four seasons. The sound turned into thunder in the sky; His left eye turned into the sun and his right eye into the moon; Hair and beard become stars in the night sky; His body became four poles, east, west, north and south, and three majestic mountains and five mountains; Rivers of blood; Ribs become roads; Muscle becomes farmland; Teeth, bones and bone marrow have all become underground mineral deposits; Skin and hair become vegetation on the earth, and sweat becomes rain and dew. Legend has it that Pangu's soul became a man after his death. Therefore, man is the spirit of all things in the world. /view/ 13547.htm
Nu Wa: Nu Wa is the goddess in China's historical myths and legends. With Fuxi brothers and sisters. According to legend, the five-color stone is refined to make up the sky, making people out of soil, making wedding ceremonies, continuing human life and creating everything in the world. Nu Wa is the great mother of the Chinese nation. She created us kindly and bravely took care of us from natural disasters. It is the creator god and ancestor god widely worshipped by people for a long time. She has magical power and can create at least seventy things every day.
"Peaceful Magnolia": Before Nu Wa made people, she made chickens on the first day of the first month, dogs on the second day, sheep on the third day, pigs on the fourth day and horses on the sixth day. On the seventh day, Nu Wa made a small clay figurine out of loess and water, imitating her own appearance. She made batch after batch, and thought it was too slow, so she used crutches. In order to make human beings pass on forever, she created a wedding ceremony, acted as a matchmaker herself, let people know the method of "making people" and carry on the family line by her own strength. Another legend, unique, is that Nu Wa and Fuxi are brother and sister. At the beginning of the universe, there were only two brothers and sisters between heaven and earth. At the foot of Kunlun Mountain, there was no one else in the world. I want to be husband and wife, but I am ashamed. My brother and sister immediately went to Kunlun Mountain and cursed: "If God agrees to marry my brother and sister, please gather all the clouds in the sky or disperse them." . So the clouds in the sky immediately closed, and the two became husband and wife, and the Chinese nation was their offspring.
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Sanqing: Sanqing
1. Taoism refers to the realm of Qing Yu, Shangqing and Taiqing Sanqing. The Southern Liang Dynasty wrote "The Golden Pavilion Monument of Tongbai Mountain": "This monument covers the five mountains of Qiling, and those who did not catch their husbands in the Third Qing Dynasty." Tang Luyan's Seven-character Poem No.48: "Tianjin can quench thirst and live in the Jade Emperor Township of Sanqing."
2. Taoism is the real founder of Yuqing Cave, the mysterious founder of Shangqing Cave, Lingbao Buddha and Taiqing Cave Moral Buddha. "The First Carving of Wonders" Volume 17: "Zhi Guan and two Taoist boys attacked Taoist priests with fire, hung up and cleaned up, each bought his own house and used equipment." /view/48273.htm
Heaven: The court of the Jade Emperor in China's ancient mythology, which is now used as a metaphor for a very noble place.
China culture is the product of multicultural integration, so are the immortals in China. Of course, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have the greatest influence on the Chinese immortal system. Other sects such as Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism (Zoroastrianism), Nestorianism (Christianity) and Islam are not widely spread in China, and their immortals cannot enter the Chinese immortal sequence.
Due to the mixing of several sects, the immortal system in China is quite complicated. The status between Taoist immortals and Buddhist buddhas has always been a big problem that puzzles China's immortal system. Whether Buddha is higher than Tao or Tao is higher than Buddha has been debated many times in history, and there is no conclusive literature published. Finally, the Heaven Alliance Government was established.
The establishment of the China-China Coalition government is a major milestone with epoch-making significance. At first, this government was composed of 365 gods (note, 365 gods, the lowest position in the immortal Buddha world), which should be the sun star and trillions of creatures in the world. It can be regarded as an efficient government. Establish a government according to Confucianism and appoint an emperor (since immortals are immortal, there is no question of hereditary substitution). This is the Jade Emperor, whose full name is "Emperor Tai holds the imperial calendar, including the real body of the Jade Emperor". He is the highest head of the joint government of heaven and has the highest authority. Grandpa Daozu and Tathagata must also obey the leadership of heaven, and the assignment of the jade emperor is called "order".
The establishment of the jade emperor's status is the product of the full integration and compromise of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The jade emperor can't be an immortal in any of the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, so he can only be re-elected. China was established in accordance with Confucian teachings, which fully reflected the dominant position of Confucianism in China. The jade emperor's name focuses on Taoism, which also fully shows the home advantage of Taoism. Buddhism, on the other hand, retains the integrity of its own organization to the maximum extent (Tathagata still dominates the West and has its own territory).
When the joint government of heaven was first established, it was more a symbol than a great authority, and all immortals and Buddhists still went their own way. As a result, Tiandao began to expand the enrollment of civil servants, and the enrollment targets were nothing more than three kinds: some immortals in Taoism, some bodhisattvas in Buddhism and some celebrities in Confucianism. It was just a small fight at first. As more and more immortals joined the government, some senior immortals with status and qualifications also joined the government, taking charge of some independent undertakings, such as Zhenwu Emperor of Taoism, Donghua Emperor, Four Heavenly Kings of Buddhism and Earth-hidden Bodhisattva. Many famous figures recommended by Confucianism have also been brought into heaven, such as Guan Yu, Wei Zhi and Bao Zheng. The influence of heaven is getting bigger and bigger, so that the Taoist grandfather Lao Jun was also hired as the chief political adviser of heaven (of course, in order to maintain the dignity of Taoist heaven, Lao Jun also demoted himself to the third level and voluntarily reduced himself from the Taoist boss to the end of the Third Qing Dynasty).
At this point, the strength of Tiandao has gradually grown, with a considerable organizational scale and even a certain number of troops. God, the original component of heaven, also has a considerable political status. As an up-and-coming star, he can compete with the senior immortal Buddha with higher level of practice.
In order to arrange enough work for the civil servants in the growing government, God began to set up some local governments to take charge of the affairs of one place, one mountain and one water. The tenth hall of Yan Jun is located in the nether world as the supreme commander, but the real power lies in the hands of the Tibetan Bodhisattva. There are dragon kings in the four seas, who are in charge of the waters of the four seas and supervise the water gods of all rivers and lakes in the world. For a time, all kinds of things in heaven and earth were in charge of the gods. Immortals who have no position can only entertain themselves in designated areas, except for a few who have great power, and generally cannot accept human affairs. At this point, heaven is completely in charge of the power of heaven and earth.
Under the unified leadership of Heaven, all the immortals and Buddhists of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were closely United around the central government with the Jade Emperor as the core, and all of them lived in peace for a while, each in his place. Taoism placed a large number of people in heaven and basically mastered most of the affairs of heaven; Buddhists also took the opportunity to arrange for the four great bodhisattvas to enter the four famous mountains, thus stabilizing themselves; After Confucianism established Heaven and established the government with its own teachings, it also effectively consolidated its dominant position in the world.
Heaven is the product of the battle to seal the gods, and God is the status, not the strength level of the celestial world. It has only been about 4000 years since the establishment of Heaven. The emperor before the Jade Emperor reigned for nearly ten thousand years.
The first emperor of heaven was Emperor Jun, who was born in the demon race. At that time, heaven, earth and people were in a state of melee. The battle of worshipping God can basically be said to have quelled the war between demons, people and immortals.
The most important treaty in clash of the titans is that heaven, earth and human beings do not interfere with each other. Therefore, it is inevitable that the authority of the Jade Emperor is not as great as that of the previous emperor.
The Battle of Deity: In ancient times, before Jiang Ziya deified, the universe was divided into heaven, heaven and earth. Among them, heaven is controlled by the God in charge of heaven and earth, but heaven and earth are not completely separated. Immortals have different views on the level of magic and the depth of enlightenment, and the methods of practice are also very different. Among them, there is a school headed by primitive Buddha, which was formed by human beings seeking nature and practicing. They are called interpretive education; The other faction, headed by the leader of Tian Tong, is a spirit from all directions that absorbs the essence of the sun and the moon and blends the aura of heaven and earth. They are called cutting education.
Some of these immortals and aliens with immortal bones live in heaven, while others live in seclusion like ordinary mortals. Even monsters who practice human form can't be distinguished from immortals.
So, under the command of the god in heaven, the two religions discussed it and made a list of gods. All the immortals involved in the battle of Yin and Zhou Dynasties and people who had a way of doing things were recorded in the book. After the destruction of Zhou Xing in Shang Dynasty, they were canonized as the gods of heaven and earth, forming a divine world. So, Jiang Ziya, a disciple of the original Buddhism Sect, went down the mountain with a list to assist Zhou Wang. After sealing the gods, many immortals performed their duties according to the three realms and eight parts.
Although Buddhism and Interception are of the same origin, their legal meanings are different and their disciples' qualifications are different. When Shang Tang attacked Zhou, they fought for their respective masters. After all, they failed in teaching, resulting in heavy casualties among Christians and even being absorbed by western teaching. After the establishment of the celestial realm, the teacher of the interception master respected Tianshi and lived in Biyou Palace. When he saw the great sacrifice of the interceptor fairy, he was dissatisfied and thought that the sacrifices of both sides were unfair. Although Hong Jun, the Taoist priest, temporarily stopped him, in order to wash away the shame, he still used the mutually assured destruction of the anti-Japanese gold-covering technique, which destroyed the altar, hit the heaven and destroyed the heaven. The surviving immortals took noble human beings as disciples, trying to re-establish the order of the Three Realms and save the out-of-control land of China ... Taoist Hong Jun led Tianshi to drive Xiangyun Ran Ran away.
Buddhism and Taoism: Because Pangu, a disciple of Hong Jun, opened the sky. In the early Yuan Dynasty, Buddha, Grand Priest, founder of heaven and Taoist (later renamed Tathagata), And Taoists (probably Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi, Bodhi. Taishang Laojun founded Taoism.
Taoism and Buddhism, one is China culture and the other is foreign culture, but their rise and fall in the history of China's philosophy and religious development are roughly the same. Buddhism was introduced into China in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Taoism also happened at this time. Both of them developed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and flourished in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This situation has always aroused people's strong interest, especially the struggle and intransigence between the two major religions, which has aroused researchers' attention and exploration. But on the other hand, they are mutually integrated, which is the main reason for their coexistence and common prosperity, and also an extremely important aspect in the relationship between Taoism and Buddhism.
First, Taoism has absorbed the terminology of Buddhist names.
Taoism absorbed a large number of Buddhist methods and categories when constructing its own philosophy of thinking, but these categories were transformed according to Taoism's own needs. On the one hand, Taoist scholars in Sui and Tang Dynasties gave full play to the inclusive characteristics of Taoism and went deep into Buddhism. On the other hand, their Taoist subjective consciousness is also very strong, so we should trace back to the source and learn from him. Their main purpose is to explain Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts in terms of Buddhist names, so that Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts can be promoted according to the actual needs of religious development and achieve the purpose of settling down.
(1) Theory of Buddha Nature. Taoism has a "Taoist theory" and Buddhism has a "Buddhist theory". It is not the original creation of Buddhism to regard the universe itself as an abstract essence. The early Taoism defined Tao as the highest stipulation of all things, which already possessed this abstract power. However, "Tao is natural" and "Tao is natural". When "sex" is understood as the most basic feature of Tao and linked with the theory of human nature, "Tao" comes into being, that is, the "sex" of human nature. This is clearly expressed in Old Xiangzi Jules produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty:
"Tao is not evil, so it can be God, doing everything, and Taoist people should do it." (Note: "Tao often does nothing and does everything") "Tao has no desire in the secular world, and you should also obey the law." (Note that "the nameless and innocent will not want it") "Don't do evil" and "have nothing to do with the secular" means to let nature take its course, "The Tao often has no desire, so the world is always right" (Note that "heaven and earth are right without desire"). Taoism invented the "Daobu", but it didn't play well. By the Six Dynasties, it was replaced by the booming Buddhist theory. Since Zhu Daosheng advocated that "everyone has Buddha nature" and the Mahayana Nirvana Sutra was translated, Buddhism has gradually become the mainstream of Buddhism. Its "Buddha nature" refers to "truth is law", that is, the abstract universe ontology. As an ontology, it is formed by the combination of Indian legal theories and metaphysics ontology in Wei and Jin Dynasties. As a theory of monasticism, it focuses on the relationship between the ultimate abstract essence of the universe and the birth and death of specific characters. On the translation of Buddha's Nature according to its true meaning;
"Q: What is the cause of Buddha nature? A: In addition to the five mistakes, Tathagata gave birth to five pillars of islam, so it is said that all beings have Buddha nature. "
From the Six Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Taoism did accept the influence of Buddhism. However, the Taoist theory of accepting Buddha's nature is not in the ontological sense, but in the sense of self-cultivation. During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, Taoism pursued the theory of external Dan. Although it contains the content of self-cultivation, its main purpose is only to greet the eternal and immortal Tao with a peaceful mind, and it does not clearly recognize that there is some direct identity between the objective Tao and the subjective spirit, but the theory of Buddha nature has completed this argument. Taoism originally talked about Taoism, but in order to explain the relationship between Taoism and human nature, it also advocated Taoism. It is often emphasized that "the Tao is always obtained", and it is advocated that "the Tao is obtained by thinking separately". In The Seven Signs of Fairy Books, "the Tao and the law are always the same". Meng compiled the book Daoism and Daoism, which clearly showed the internal relationship between Daoism and Buddhism.
"Daoism is based on the nature of emptiness, and everything is said, but those who go to animals, fruits, trees and stones are all Daoism. After all, all the laws are positive, not for no reason, not because of failure, not because of color, not because of loss, not because of gain, not because of loss. If we can do this, we will be the right way. Natural vacuum is the Tao. "
This not only means that everything is Taoist, but also makes it clear that if people can practice against the bow and give up their nature, they can become immortals. Wang Xuan's Xuanzhu Lu not only talks about "the body of Tao" but also talks about "the nature of Tao"
"If everything is done, nothing can be done, and nothing can be forgotten. All sentient beings forget, how can Tao ever be forgotten? The truth of the Tao has neither begun nor forgotten. "
Tao body is the original body of Tao, and Tao nature is the specific attribute of Tao body, which lies in people and things, so people can cultivate nature and practice Tao. The Taoist theory of Tao nature not only absorbs the theory of Buddha nature, but also absorbs the theory of Confucian mind nature. Confucianism talks about knowing the sky with one heart, and the basic idea is to know nature from the heart at the beginning of an idea. Zhuangzi advocates that "the doer forgets his heart" (let the king) and "forget the Tao with two things" (master), that is, taking nature as the way to know. This is earlier than the "unintentional" theory put forward by Zhan Ran, a Buddhist Tiantai master. At the same time, Taoism advocates to know by constant Zen, that is, to regard constant Zen as the way of constant tranquility and as one. In the early Taoist view, tranquil nature is the most fundamental feature of Taoism; In the Taoist view, people's hearts can always be quiet and conscious. When Taoism talks about Daoism, it also talks about Daoism and the unity of body and mind, unlike Buddhism, which sacrifices itself for sex.
(2) the theory of distinguishing the environment, knowing the environment and the original trace. Taoism borrowed many terms from Buddhism when developing its own speculative philosophy, such as "intellectual realm". Wang Xuan said, "Tao is in the middle of intellectual realm, and Tao is in the middle of knowing and not knowing." Cheng said: "Tao is the logical condition of emptiness, and virtue is the wonderful wisdom of forgetting." Circumstances can make wisdom, wisdom can overcome circumstances, and circumstances and wisdom meet, so it is called virtue. " (The Meaning of Opening Moral Truth)
"Sage Kong Hui understands Miao Da Hyunri, with all his wisdom, everywhere." (Gu Huan's annotation on moral truth is "Can you be ignorant?" ) Another example is the "original record", and Tang Xuanzong said:
"It's wonderful to bring the trace back to the beginning. If you live in four temples, your trace will reappear, which is no different from other synonyms. So, you send it to Xuan and send it away. If you want to stay mysterious, you will forget the trace. If you don't live, roll. " (Notes on "Mystery is both mysterious and mysterious" in the Emperor's Tao Te Ching) Another example is "observing" and "fixing wisdom", which was arranged by Meng;
"Two spectators, one gas view, two gods view. Give two names, both physically and psychologically, and have a colorful image, so it is appropriate to name them after anger; There is nothing unpredictable in the heart, and it is appropriate to be enlightened in the name of God. Therefore, the "Ji Ji Jing" cloud: the spirit of the view is also wise. " ("Daoism: Ambiguity")
Taoism and Taoism in the Tang Dynasty not only borrowed Buddhism, but also demonstrated it with the inherent terms of Taoism and Taoism, such as Zhang's argument about "simultaneity" and "extraordinary period":
"The past without, the past without, unusual. If the husband has nothing, he has nothing, even nothing in the past and nothing in the future, it is just like time. The untimely person thinks that there will be others, and the timely person thinks that there will be others. " (Xuanzhenzi) Another example is Du Guangting's exposition on the relationship between similarities and differences:
"Moral differences are the same, but the differences are different, and the differences are different, the differences are different and the same, and the body theory is unique. ..... know no difference, no difference, no difference, no difference, no difference, no difference, no difference. " (Interpretation of the Moral Significance of Titles)
Arguments such as these are quite wordy, not only similar in style to Zhuangzi and Gongsun Long, but also comparable to Buddhism. Many wonderful Taoist books in the Tang Dynasty, such as Shu Hua, Incompetent Son and Gusu, all have this feature. Taoism has also developed some new terms of its own, such as guiding the situation, exchanging ideas, and using the body together.
(3) The use of double repatriation law. The double-sending method of "there is nothing, and the two sides will not fall down" is the basic idea expounded by Long Shu in On Zhong, that is, sticking to yes and staying in yes, sending yes and returning to nothing is staying in nothing, not being but not being, and it is the middle way. Used in the relationship between subject and object, it is to send him and me, and neither side will fall. This method had a wide influence on Buddhism in the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. Taoism, according to Laozi's Metaphysics and Metaphysics, plays an important role in emphasizing metaphysics. Borrowed this method. Cheng and Li Rong called Buddhism's nothingness and nothingness "metaphysics" and called it "emphasizing metaphysics". Tian Factor also borrowed the method of "double dispatch" when explaining the viewpoint of "forgetting" in Zhuangzi, that is, sending things from the outside to the environment to send the heart, and both sides will not fall, and the heart and the Tao will be in harmony. The so-called "I forgot both of them, I didn't lose anything."
Taoism and Taoist scholars in Sui and Tang Dynasties borrowed Buddhist terms and methods and developed their own terms, which not only led to the emergence of thinking, but also had a high level of thinking. But in a strict sense, although Taoism has a philosophy of thinking, it still does not use the sensible logic of Indian Buddhism, especially the method of distinguishing Buddhism. The original illogical characteristics of Taoism and Taoism have not fundamentally changed. Moreover, with the rise and development of Neidan theory, the philosophy of thinking formed in Sui and Tang Dynasties did not continue to develop along the direction of thinking, but served and integrated Neidan theory, further developing towards "thinking" and mysticism.
Third, Buddhism has absorbed the Taoist way of thinking.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism adopted a large number of Taoist concepts and categories in a formal way, with obvious metaphysical thoughts. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with the translation of a large number of Buddhist scriptures, Buddhism tried to get rid of the influence of metaphysics and use the categories and concepts of Taoist classics as little as possible. At the same time, it criticizes Taoism for adopting Buddhist category terms. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were many Buddhist sects, which were not only broad in weather, but also deeply rooted. On the surface, Buddhism has nothing to do with Taoism and Taoism, but it is not. Except the original Indian Buddhism, other sects were formed on the cultural soil of China, which marked the mixed regeneration of China culture and Indian culture, which is the historical necessity of the China of Buddhism. It is difficult to see what Buddhism has learned from Taoism only from the introduction of categories, but we can clearly understand what Buddhism has learned from Taoism from the ideological connotation and way of thinking. To this. Liang Qichao once said: "Only those who declare righteousness, Buddhism will not be imported for a long time, and it has already become China's Buddhism, and it will be completely owned by China instead of India. If the three schools of reasoning, dharma, dharma and mystery were spread from India, they would all have their own characteristics in China. This digestive construction movement will take a hundred years to mature. " (The Development of Buddhist Doctrine in China, Volume 58 of Ice Room, photocopied by Jiangsu Guangling Ancient Books Printing Society. )
(1) the word "alive" in "life". The original Indian Buddhism is a religion that transcends the spirit of being born, and regards the teachings of the Buddha as a tradition of caring for each other for generations. Therefore, to be born as a man is to cut off all customs, not to look back at the world, disown six relatives and disrespect princes. However, when Buddhism was introduced into China, it had to make concessions if it wanted to take root in China. In Hui Yuan's On Shamans Disrespecting Kings, there is a will to reconcile the contradictions between China and the West and between China and foreign countries. In the repeated collision between Buddhism and China's inherent cultural traditions, Buddhists came to a conclusion: "Without the rule of the state, it is difficult to legislate." What is recognized in religious teachings is the classic Mahayana belief theory, which originated in Middle-earth. The basic idea of "the theory of initial belief" is the theory of "the difference between one thought and two doors", in which "the difference between one thought" refers to "the heart of all beings" and "the second door" refers to "being as true as a door" and "being doomed". "On faith and righteousness" says:
"Mahayana, always said that there are two kinds. What is a cloud? Two methods, two meanings. It's about the hearts of all beings. If it is a heart, it will take away all worldly laws, worldly laws. According to this heart, it shows that Mo Ke is suitable for Yan. "
"Show justice, according to one method, there are two kinds of doors. What is a cloud? A person's heart is really like a door. Both live and die, and both are always taking all the methods. "
This "heart of all beings" refers not only to the Buddha nature and truth, but also to the individual heart and the phenomenon of birth and death, but to the combination of Buddha nature and human heart, ontology and phenomenon (use), holiness and vulgarity, purity and dyeing, never treating each other, birth and death and life. Under the principle of harmonious spirit, Buddhists can not only pursue transcendental and metaphysical ultimate realm, but also show universal concern for the world. Since the beginning of Sui Dynasty, the theory of Mahayana's initial belief has had a far-reaching influence on various schools in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Tiantai, Huayan, Zen and other schools have all inherited, such as Tiantai's theory of "sexual tools", Huayan's theory of "director harmony", "merit" and "fate", and Zen's "truth is like the body of reading, and reading is really like its nature.
Buddhism and Confucianism, one is the extreme knowledge of being born, and the other is the extreme knowledge of joining the WTO. In reconciling the relationship between being born and joining WTO, On Faith clearly grasps the Confucian doctrine of the mean, but as a religious doctrine born, it is far from the official orthodox doctrine of joining WTO. The relationship between Buddhism and Taoism is different. On the one hand, they are all born religions, on the other hand, they all compete for favor in front of the monarch and compete for territory among the people. Therefore, the two should both attack each other and imitate each other. Although Taoism is often troubled by the problem of being born into the WTO, it is naturally secular. Laozi and Zhuangzi's theory of "doing nothing" and "passing through different customs" never gave up "doing nothing" and the world on this shore. Early Taoist classics, such as Notes on Xianger, Official Seal Sentences on the River and Taiping Jing, all contain the spiritual essence of "Tao leaves no one behind". Belief theory, as the product of China Buddhism, naturally absorbed this spiritual essence from Taoism and Taoism, and also showed its concern for the world in the process of competing for high and low.
(2) The methodology of relativism.
(3) the principle of wholeness and the way of thinking of "enlightenment".
Zen Buddhism: Zen Buddhism
Also known as Buddhism, Dharma and Wumen Sect. It refers to Mahayana Buddhism, which is based on Bodhi Buddhism and aims to explore the origin of mind and nature. One of the thirteen cases in China and one of the thirteen cases in Japan. China has regarded the meditation system as Zen since ancient times, including Tiantai, Sanlun and Hill, and it is not limited to practice. Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, Buddhism has flourished, and Zen specifically refers to Buddhism.
The inheritance of this family, China started with Shi Zun's flowers at Lingshan meeting and Ye Jia's smile. Gai's theory is not based on historical facts, but it emphasizes the "heart-to-heart communication" and "don't preach outside the church" of Zen since the sixth ancestor, so it attaches great importance to Ye Jia's theory of paying for law. After Ye Jia, after Ananda, and after going to Nahuhu, there were Shiva Judo, Ti Tuo Jia, Michega, Sakyamuni, Votomidu, Shiva, Fu Na Ye Si, Anabodi, Kapimoro, Nagataneshuna, Kannadipo, Rohudo, Sanganati and Gayeshedu. Dharma arrived in Jianye (now Nanjing) from Nantianzhu in Liang Wudi in Pingnian (520-527) and was introduced to China, so he was also the ancestor of Zen Buddhism in China.
esoteric buddhism
Also known as Shintoism, Yoga, King Kong Dingzong, Pilu Jinna, Kaiyuan and Secret Riding. According to Dalagni's teaching, we have to practice five phases and three secrets before we can become a Mahayana Sect. One of thirteen cases in China and one of eight cases in Japan. It mainly takes King Kong Ding Jing as the collection of classics, Su Bu's chanting as the collection of laws, and Mahayana's interpretation of classics as the collection of principles. Tantric classics are collectively called Tantric classics. This sect, commonly known as esoteric religion (obvious religious symmetry), shows that the teachings interpreted by the ego sect are the most respected, while other Mahayana sects are despised as simple. They think that the two teaching methods of Dharma and Buddha Tathagata, diamond realm and fetal hiding realm, are the realm of Buddha's introspection, which is profound and mysterious, so they call themselves secrets; It is also forbidden to announce the law to those who are not enlightened, so it is called secret. However, as far as hermeneutics is concerned, there is no obvious difference, except that Zongshang's route is quite special. In order to distinguish it from other sects, it is appropriate to call it Tantric Sect. The knowledge and practice of esotericism is called esotericism. Tantric sects or monks who study Tantric Buddhism are called Tantric Buddhism. Believers in esoteric religion are called esoteric people. The Dojo of tantric practice is called tantric field.
Indian tantric Buddhism originated from ancient Vedic classics and then became popular in all walks of life. In the long-term development process, Buddhism gradually penetrated into folk beliefs, and was influenced by such spells and secret laws, and was absorbed as the guardian and disaster eliminator of believers. In ancient times, it was often called miscellaneous secret. From the Vedas, the tantric Sect reorganized Buddhism by exchanging gods, and many wise kings, bodhisattvas, heavens and mantras appeared. Therefore, Dalagni (van ·dha^ran! I) Major classics, such as Pali Fa Ji, Classic Ji, etc., including Body Protection Jing, were compiled by Buddhists in Ceylon and other places, and are still being recited today. Also like "Convention Classics" (collected in Agama), it is a classic listing the names of congregations; These are believed to be the origins of tantric Dalagni and mandala. Later, in the fourth century or so, an independent classic, The Ming Jing of Peacock King, appeared, specializing in incantations. People believe that incredible merits can be achieved by telling the truth, uniting people's hearts, building Fiona Fang's earthen altar, supporting the gods and respecting Yan Xiu.
In the second half of the 7th century, Indian Buddhism entered its heyday, which was taught by classics, followed by tracks and instruments, and the real tantra began to develop, enriching Mahayana Buddhist philosophy with mantras and Dalagni as the center, laying the foundation. This is a pure tantra, and the pure secrets are mainly Mahayana Sutra and Jingang Dingjing Sutra. In the second half of the 7th century, the Great Sun Sutra, founded in China and India, centered on the Great Sun Tathagata, integrated all the icons in the miscellaneous sutras and formed the mandala of the fetal Tibetan world. His theory may be inherited from Hua Yan Jing, and he advocates intuitive understanding of the truth of the universe in reality. The Diamond Sutra was established a little later and was popular in South India. The theory originated from the Buddhist Yoga School, which takes mind as the core and five phases as a whole (holding the view that five are the same as the deity of body and mind). The purity represented by these two classics will soon be eliminated in India. In the 8th century, Chunmi spread from Mount Sumi to China and then to Japan to become Shinrikyo.
Tantric Buddhism rose in the 7th century, until the 11th century, when Indian Buddhism declined and flourished in China and India, incorporating sexist sects (Brahma s/a KTA h! ) After giving lectures, it became the Left Secret Sect, which especially emphasized the theory of maha^sukha -va^da in the Pure Secret Diamond Sutra. It was introduced to Tibet in the eighth century and became the backbone of Lamaism. By 10 century and 1 1 century, some of his classics had been circulated and translated in China, but they did not have ideological influence. Therefore, from the perspective of developed history, heteronomy first rose, then became pure secret, and in parallel with pure secret, it was left-wing esoteric religion which integrated the teachings of Hinduism. According to legend, the Tathagata became one of the three generations, and went to the heart of the Satian Dharma circle and the Vajrayana in the inner certificate. He declared the Tathagata Sutra in order to enjoy the Falun Gong, then the Diamond Sutra was declared in the Mantra Palace, and then assembled by Vajrayana (Japanese Taiwan Province secretly said Ananda also participated). Later, about 800 years after the death of the Buddha, the Dragon Dream (Dragon Tree) Bodhisattva cast a spell on seven white mustard seeds to open the 16-foot pagoda in Nantianzhu (representing 16 Bodhisattvas in the King Kong realm), which was personally taught by the two great sutras of King Kong and Zategwa (Taiwan Secret said that the Great Sun Sutra was outside the pagoda and was taught by Manjusri Bodhisattva). Later, Long Laimeng passed it on to Long Zhi, and after about 700 years (according to legend, Long Zhi lived for 700 to 800 years), he got a great sutra in Subhakara simha. Therefore, the tantric religion takes Longmeng as its founder, and its basic teachings are Mahayana Sutra and King Kong Ding Jing. The founder of esoteric Buddhism is Tathagata (Buddha of the Great Pilu), which is different from what the Buddha said, so he calls himself Vajrayana.