The Analects of Confucius is an important classic of China's ancient Confucianism, and it is a recorded work of Confucius' disciples and later scholars describing Confucius' words and deeds. This book was finally set in the early Warring States period. Because of its popularity, it is difficult to determine the specific author, but it is the most concentrated record of Confucius' thought.
Confucius (552 BC or 55 BC1-479 BC), a famous hill, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism and the most famous thinker and educator in ancient China.
Confucius was originally a member of Shang Dynasty. His predecessor was a minister in the Song Dynasty, and later he was transferred to Shandong. When Confucius was born, his family was in decline, but he received a good aristocratic education in his early years and was very familiar with traditional arts such as ceremony, music, shooting, imperial art, calligraphy and mathematics. Confucius is very clever, very modest and studious, so his knowledge is improving day by day. By the age of 30, he was famous for his erudition and began to recruit disciples to teach ancient cultural classics such as poems, books, rituals and music. On the one hand, he systematically summarized the cultural and ideological materials of his predecessors, and at the same time, combined with the turbulent social situation in the late Spring and Autumn Period, he put forward his own views on a series of ethical and social and political issues, thus establishing the Confucian School.
In his early years, Confucius served as a small official in charge of warehousing, cattle and sheep under Ji, the ruler of Lu, and was able to do his duty. Because of the civil strife in Lu, he once lived in Qi. After that, he returned to Lu to give lectures, with 3000 disciples. After the age of 50, he was entrusted with an official position by the king of Lu, making him a shepherd and in charge of the judicial work of Lu. He hoped to strengthen the authority of the monarch and weaken the power of the great doctor, and was forced to abandon his official position and leave Lu. The term of this official is not more than five years. Since then, in order to publicize his political ideals, Confucius has been to Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Chu and other vassal States, and stayed in Wei and Chen for a long time. However, he never got the opportunity to participate in the political activities of various countries, nor did he find a wise monarch to realize his political views. He usually only gets support and medals, and he is often treated coldly and persecuted. During this period, Confucius persistently studied and educated, and discussed with his disciples many important issues of life and society, leaving many famous remarks. In 484 BC, after about 14 years of wandering, Confucius finally returned to Shandong and devoted the rest of his life to the cause of culture and education. While continuing to give lectures, he sorted out cultural classics, edited six ancient books, such as Poetry, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu, and compiled the final textbooks. Confucius received a high courtesy in Shandong in his later years, but he was still not really reused. Kong Li, the only son, and his two important disciples, Yan Yuan and Luz, both died in front of him. In 479 BC, Confucius died of illness at home. Lu Aigong wrote a special eulogy, and his disciples held a grand funeral for Confucius, observing filial piety for three years.
■ Confucius (55 BC/KLOC-0 BC/-479 BC) was a thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. Ancestors are aristocrats of the Song Dynasty. Jin Mu, the father of the fifth ancestor, took refuge in Lu, and later decided to avoid Lu. My father, uncle, is a warrior of Lu. He is famous for his bravery.
■ Confucius lost his father at the age of 3, and moved to Que Li with his mother Yan Zhizai, where he was taught. When Confucius was young, he was "a child's play, forbidding the army as a gift." . When I was a child, my family was poor. 15 years old was determined to study. The dragon, on the other hand, became a "Commissioner" in charge of warehouses and a "farmer" in charge of cattle and sheep. He is open-minded and eager to learn, and has no regular teacher. According to legend, he invited Li to learn the truth of being a man from Changhong and the piano from the teacher. At the age of 30, he has become a well-known local scholar, and started a private school under his tutelage. Its ideological core is "benevolence", and "benevolence" means "love". He regards "benevolence" as the norm and purpose of benevolence, so that "benevolence" and "courtesy" can be used mutually. It is advocated that rulers should govern the people with virtue and treat others with courtesy, so as to reproduce the prosperous time of the Western Zhou Dynasty when "rites and music were conquered from the emperor" and realize their ideal of "great harmony".
■ At the age of 35, Confucius left because of civil strife in Lu. In order to get close, he became a vassal of the nobles of Qi State. The following year, Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about political affairs. Confucius said, "A monarch should be like a monarch, a minister should be like a minister, a father should be like a father, and a son should be like a son." Gong Jing appreciated it very much and wanted to use Confucius, but Yan Ying and Qi Xiang stopped him and had to give up. I want to return to Shandong as soon as possible, continue to learn knowledge and train my disciples. 5 1 year-old, served as the governor in the capital of Lu (now a local official in Wenshang West). The result of good governance is "one year, all directions follow". At the age of 52, he was promoted from Zhongduzai to an ordinary scout in Lu. In 500 BC (the tenth year of Lu), Lu and Qi joined forces in Oracle bones, and Confucius put forward that "those who have military affairs must have equipment, and those who have military affairs must have equipment". Trying to intimidate Lu Jun into submission, Confucius reprimanded him with courtesy, which saved national dignity, so that Qi Huangong had to agree to form an alliance to make peace and return Lu 'an and the three places to Lu. When Confucius was 54 years old, he was entrusted by Ji to take pictures. In order to improve the authority of the monarch, he put forward the idea of "reducing the three capitals" and restraining the three Huan (Dr. Lu San), but the result was opposed by the three doctors and failed. At the age of 55, the monarch and minister of Lu accepted the beauty presented by Qi, and indulged in debauchery all day long. Disappointed, Confucius abandoned his official position and left Shandong, leading his disciples around the world to find another opportunity to display his talents. During this time, he worked for more than 70 emperors, but nothing happened. In 484 BC (eleven years), Ji Kangzi of Lu listened to the persuasion of Confucius disciples and sent someone to pick him up from Weiguo.
■ Confucius returned to Lu, although he was honored as an "old man in the country", but he was still not reused. Instead of seeking official positions, he continued to devote himself to education and document arrangement. He trained more than 3,000 disciples in his life, 72 of whom were proficient in six arts (etiquette, music, archery, imperial defense, calligraphy and mathematics). In teaching practice, a whole set of educational theories, such as teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, drawing inferences from others, inspiring and inducing, studying and teaching others tirelessly, and the learning attitude of "knowing what it is, not knowing what it is" and "not ashamed to ask questions", are praised by future generations. He deleted poems, wrote books, ordered rites and music, revised Chunqiu, and comprehensively sorted out China's ancient literature. Grow old together with Yi, and reach the realm of "Bian Wei's Three Musts".
■ At the age of 69, his only son Kong Li died. 7 1 year-old, Yan Hui, a favorite pupil, died of illness. Confucius was extremely sad and sighed: "Heaven has fallen! The sky is lost! " This year, someone caught a monster named Lin in Luxi and died soon. He thought that the appearance and death of Kirin, a symbol of kindness and good fortune, was an ominous sign of chaos in the world, so he stopped compiling the book Spring and Autumn Annals. At the age of 72, I was deeply saddened to learn that my son had died in a national disaster. The following year (479 BC), in February of the summer calendar, Confucius fell ill for 7 days and died.
■ The main words and deeds of Confucius' life were compiled into The Analects by his disciples and re-disciples, which became the classics of later Confucianism.