"Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" is an article sent by Song Lian of the Ming Dynasty to his fellow villager Ma Junze, a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang, to encourage Ma Sheng to study hard. This article was selected into middle school Chinese textbooks.
"Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" is excerpted from "Collected Works of Scholars of the Song Dynasty" ("Four Bu Congjian" version). In the eleventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1378), the second year after Song Lian retired and returned to his hometown, he responded to the imperial edict. When he went from his hometown of Pujiang (Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province) to Yingtian (today's Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) to meet Zhu Yuanzhang, Ma Junze, a junior from the same country who was studying in Taixue, came to visit. Song Lian wrote this preface to introduce his study experience and study Attitude, encourage him to study diligently and become a person with both ability and political integrity. This lesson only excerpts the first half of the preface. In this part, the author did not preach with a straight face because of his status and status as an elder. Instead, he used his own experience to describe the difficulties of studying and diligent study in his youth. He learned with reason and moved with emotion. The author's ardent expectations for Ma Junze are reflected in it.
Article Genre
"Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" is a gift preface. "Preface" is a kind of literary style, in which "preface" does not mean "preface", but means "gift". There are two types of "preface": book preface and gift preface. Book prefaces are relatively early, and they mostly describe the author's interest, origin of writing, etc., such as "Yi Preface", "Tai Shi Gong's Preface", etc.; gift prefaces are different in nature from book prefaces. They began in the Tang Dynasty and were generally exchanged between literati. Words of farewell express certain thoughts and feelings of parting. They often make arguments based on people and clarify certain points. It is equivalent to a style of argumentative prose. The content is mostly words of encouragement, praise, and praise, such as Han Yu's "Farewell to Meng Dongye" "Preface", Liu Zongyuan's "Preface to Xue Cunyi", etc. Song Lian was an official in Jiankang (now Nanjing City), the capital, and his fellow countryman Ma Junze, a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang, was also in the capital and studied at "Tai Xue". Ma Sheng returned to his hometown to visit relatives. Song Lian wrote this article, combining his own practical experience of "the difficulty of learning the Tao", setting an example and encouraging Ma Sheng to study hard. This preface is not a sermon with a straight face, nor is it a flattery to flatter the other party, but a personal experience and criticism of the current shortcomings. Therefore, it is written with sincerity, sincerity, reasonableness, and fluent diction. The truths expressed in it are correct. Our day is also very instructive.
The life of the author Song Lian
In the history of ancient Chinese literature, Song Lian, Liu Ji and Gao Qi were ranked among the three great poets of the early Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, Fang Xiaoru, a loyal minister of Emperor Hui of the Ming Dynasty and a scholar, studied under Song Lian when he was young. Song Lian (1310-1381), courtesy name Jinglian and nickname Qianxi, was a litterateur in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. He was a native of Pujiang (now Yiwu, Zhejiang), also known as Xuanzhenzi, Xuanzhen Taoist, and Xuanzhen Dunsou. He was also known as Song Scholar. His ancestral home was He came from a poor family in Jinhua, Zhejiang, but he was eager to learn since he was a child. He studied under the masters of ancient prose in the late Yuan Dynasty, such as Wu Lai, Liu Guan and Huang Shu. He studied hard all his life, "from childhood to old age, he never read a book in a day, and he learned everything." In ancient Chinese history, Song Lian, Liu Ji, and Gao Qi were the three great poets of the early Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yuan Shun called him to be the editor of the Hanlin Academy. He refused the call on the grounds of supporting his parents and devoted himself to writing books. In the 20th year of Zhizheng (1360), he, together with Liu Ji, Zhang Yi and Ye Chen, were hired by Zhu Yuanzhang and respected as the "Five Classics" teacher. At the beginning of Hongwu's career, he majored in "History of the Yuan Dynasty" and became a scholar. Later, because he was involved in the Hu Weiyong case, he was relegated to Maozhou and died of illness midway. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, and Song Lian took up the post of Jiangnan Confucian elevator to lecture the prince. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), he was ordered to major in "History of the Yuan Dynasty". After being a retired official, he became a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy, where he accepted the decree and learned how to make the imperial edict. In the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), he resigned and returned to his hometown due to old age. Later, because his eldest grandson Song Shen was implicated in the Hu Weiyong Party case, the family was exiled to Maozhou (now Maowen Qiang Autonomous County, Sichuan Province), and died of illness on the way to Kuizhou (now Fengjie County, Chongqing). In the history of ancient Chinese literature, Song Lian, Liu Ji, and Gao Qi were listed as the three great poets of the early Ming Dynasty. He took it as his own duty to inherit the Confucian feudal orthodoxy, advocated "zongjing" and "learning from the ancients" in his articles, and adopted the methods of the Tang and Song Dynasties. He wrote many books. His works are represented by biographical sketches and narrative prose. The prose may be simple and concise, or graceful and elegant, each with its own characteristics.
Some people are tired of its complexity and say: "I don't want to learn it. The Six Classics are so powerful! If you don't learn them for a day, you will be wandering in the dark." Song Lian visited his teacher in the snow. Song Lian, a famous essayist and scholar in the Ming Dynasty, was eager to learn since childhood. He was not only knowledgeable, but also good at writing articles. He was praised by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, as "the first civil servant in the founding of the country." Song Lian loves reading very much, and always asks for details when encountering something she doesn’t understand. This time, in order to figure out a problem, Song Lian walked dozens of miles in the snow to consult Teacher Mengji, who no longer accepted students, but the teacher was not at home. Song Lian was not discouraged and visited the teacher again a few days later, but the teacher did not receive him. Because of the cold weather, Song Lian and his companions were freezing. Song Lian's toes were all frostbitten. When Song Lian visited alone for the third time, he fell into a snow pit and was fortunately rescued. When Song Lian almost fainted at the door of the teacher's house, the teacher was moved by his sincerity and patiently answered Song Lian's questions. Later, in order to gain more knowledge, Song Lian was not afraid of hardships and hardships, and visited many teachers, and finally became a famous essayist!
Song Lian's handed down works
Song Lian was the "first civil servant of the founding of the country" in the Ming Dynasty. He was diligent and studious, and wrote prolifically. Merits and words are unified. Especially long prose, biographies such as "Qin Shi Lu", "Wang Mian Biography", "Li Yi Biography", can grasp the details, highlight the character, not much exaggeration, but deeply affecting; describe scenes such as "Preface to the Peach Blossom Stream Xiuqi Poem", " "The Story of Huancui Pavilion" is simple and elegant, with a step like Ouyang Xiu. His works include "New Theory of Filial Piety", "Collection of Zhou Li", "Longmenzi", "Qianxi Collection", "Luoshan Collection", "Puyang Characters", "Hanyuan Collection", "Zhiyuan Collection" "wait. Later generations combined his poems and articles into seventy-five volumes of "The Complete Works of Scholars of the Song Dynasty". The article was not only popular in China, but also widely circulated in Korea, Annan, Japan and other countries at that time.
Edit this paragraph of classical Chinese knowledge
Using parts of speech
A ring of white jade around the waist. (Waist, noun as verb, hanging on the waist.) Day has... Sui has... (Day, daily, noun as adverbial) Handwritten notes. (Bi, the noun is used as an adverbial, to use a pen; hand, the noun is used as an adverbial, to do things) Wear a hat decorated with red tassels. (Bao, the noun is used as an adverbial, with jewelry; Zhuying, the noun is used as an adverbial, with red tassel)
Different meanings in ancient and modern times
Yu was fond of learning when he was young (Yu: the ancient meaning is me, Today's meaning is the leftovers) and the nuns take soup and pour it (soup: the ancient meaning is hot water; today's meaning refers to the juice left after the food is cooked) and send it away.
(Walk, the ancient meaning is to run, the modern meaning is to move the feet forward) Yu Ni Journey (Ni: the ancient meaning is to welcome, the modern meaning is to go in the opposite direction) The strong wind in the winter (the ancient meaning is to be deep, the modern meaning is to be poor) , exhausted) Try to rush hundreds of miles away (trend: the ancient meaning is to run fast, the modern meaning is the trend) Every day eats again (zai: the ancient meaning is twice, the modern meaning is again) So many people spend their time with books (it is: The ancient meaning is this, this, and the modern meaning is a verb of judgment, yes; false: the ancient meaning is borrowed, and the present meaning is consistent with the truth) The soldier has heard (the soldier: the ancient meaning: the last modern meaning: the little soldier) the right side is smelly (xiù ) (Smell: ancient meaning: sachet, aroma today: (chòu) stinky smell, unpleasant smell) Those who have enough happiness in it (Chinese: ancient meaning: heart, modern meaning: express boundaries) Have a teacher or a doctor as a teacher (Ph.D.: ancient meaning: great Confucianism, modern meaning of learned scholar: post-master's degree)
Synonymous compound words
1. False = borrow: borrow 2. Knock = question: Ask for advice 3. Wo = irrigation: watering and washing 4. Lin = slightly: rice grain 5. Chi = Duh: rebuke, scold 5. Xin = Yue: happy, happy
The word has multiple meanings
1. With: (1) Conjunction: equivalent to "er", translated as er, come (to count the days to return; to lean over and listen to invite; to have no way to write a book to read) (2) Preposition: to use (To support him with a quilt; to pay homage to him as a native son; to take a leave of absence with a book; to write a long book as a quilt) (3) Because (one who is happy with it) 2. of: (1) Structural particle: of (every Borrowed from the house where the book is collected) (2) Pronoun (to send it off) (3) Used between subject and predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence (when I am a disciple) (4) No real meaning (no enjoyment of the taste of fresh fat) 3 .Suffering: (1) Worry, worry, verb (also worry about famous people and travels without a master) (2) Worry, noun (there is no danger of being cold and discouraged) 4. Therefore: (1) Therefore, conjunction (so I am stupid) (2) Deliberately, deliberately, adverb (I have learned the Tao so hard to tell) 5. Tao: (1) Doctrine, noun (admiring the teachings of sages) (2) Said, verb (I have learned the Tao so hard to tell) ) 6. To: (1) Thoughtful, adjective (the more respectful the color, the more polite) (2) To, verb (to give up, the four limbs are stiff and unable to move) 7. Qualitative: (1) To ask, verb (to support doubts) (Quality) (2) Essence, qualification, noun (not inferiority of nature) 8. Color: (1) Complexion (not a little bit less eloquent) (2) Expression (or the more respectful the color becomes when someone is yelling at him) (3) Color (extracurricular) 9. But: (1) Turning point: But, but (the skin is chapped and I don’t know it) (2) Succession: (for a long time, it is harmonious)
Tongjiazi
1 The four limbs are stiff and unable to move (branch: Tong "limb", four limbs) 2 All the people living in the same house are covered with silk embroidery (quilt: Tong "drape", to wear) 3 Discuss with it (bian: Tong "bian", Debate) 4. Monk Chi Tang Wo Guan (Guan: pass "toilet", wash hands)
Study on the problem
1. The contrast is made between the luxury of the rich children and the poverty of the author himself Comparison, drawing conclusions from comparison, shows that the accumulation of knowledge and spiritual enrichment/enrichment have overcome material poverty, shows the author's spiritual wealth and noble interests, enhances the appeal and persuasiveness of the article, and makes the article more interesting in comparison. Intricately changing and full of waves. The superior learning conditions of Yongtai students are in contrast to the poor learning conditions of the author himself. Drawing conclusions from the comparison shows that whether academic achievement depends on subjective efforts, enhances the appeal and persuasion of the article, and makes the article more interesting in the comparison. Intricately changing and full of waves. 2. What is the author’s intention in writing this article? He used his own personal experience to encourage Mr. Ma to cherish the superior learning conditions of Taixue University and study hard. 3. Based on the text, talk about how optimistic and bitter modern middle school students should be when studying? If the learning conditions are poor, you must study diligently and not be afraid of hardship; if the learning conditions are good, you must cherish the superior learning conditions and study hard.
4. What did Song Lian’s academic experience tell Ma Sheng? Although times have changed, what else can we learn from Song Lian’s academic spirit? In this article, Song Lian used his personal practice and experience to tell Ma Sheng: Studying must be diligent and hard-working. The content and purpose of learning are very different today, but the principles he taught are still inspiring and educational for us. significance. As a person who is not afraid of hardship, is diligent and eager to learn, is content with poverty, and does not admire wealth and honor, as well as his attitude of enthusiastic care for and earnest teaching of future students, his honesty and trustworthiness, and his respect for teachers and teaching are also worthy of recognition. 5. The author does not feel inferior because his conditions of food, clothing, housing and transportation are worse than those of his fellow students. This shows that he is full of heart and has lofty aspirations. Please create a couplet based on his reading sound and painting: Carrying a suitcase and dragging one's clothes to ask for the teacher's hardships, bowing down Keep your body open and your ears open to study. 6. Why does the author start from the most difficult winter season? It is used to illustrate the hard study every day throughout the year and has a general effect. 7. The reason for "Although I am stupid, I may have learned something"? Be diligent and eager to learn, and be open-minded to ask for advice. Be serious, modest and prudent. Be dedicated and focused. 8. What is the purpose of writing about the hardships of food, clothing, housing and transportation? Comparing food and clothing with those living in the same hotel, those rich kids who live in the same hotel, but truly express themselves as having enough, that is, inner happiness. 9. What kind of choice do you favor between "satisfaction of the mouth and body" and "enjoyment in the midst of it"? I agree that there is plenty of happiness in life. Spiritual wealth can overcome material poverty. The accumulation of knowledge and spiritual enrichment are necessary conditions for students to study. Spiritual enjoyment is the greatest enjoyment in life and a noble taste. 10. After reading this article, will you understand the truth? Studying requires hard work, concentration, and hard work to achieve good results. Academic proficiency and the formation of good qualities mainly depend on subjective efforts. 11. From what aspects does the author write about creating the conditions for reading? Borrowing books without breaking one's trust; copying books without fear of hardship; traveling thousands of miles and humbly asking for advice from the wise. 12. Specifically point out the prudent descriptions and argumentative sentences, and talk about their role in the text? Description: "Without a slight drop of rhetoric" vividly describes the teacher's serious demeanor; "leaning over and leaning in" vividly depicts the student's meritorious demeanor; "Ye Ran Ruo is a god" vividly depicts the students who live together Gorgeous appearance; "犕robe夝衣" vividly describes the author's rough clothing. Discussion: "Although I am stupid, I may have heard of it" points out the benefits of asking for advice humbly; "Those who enjoy themselves enough do not know that verbal and physical worship is not as good as others" points out the reason for not being ashamed of food and clothing; "To cover up Yu's diligence and "It is as difficult as this" points out Duan's purpose; "Those who are not good at their work and have imperfect virtues are not inferior in nature, and their hearts are not as good as my ears." This points out Duan's purpose; "He can be said to be a good scholar" points out Ma Sheng He is a human being; "It's hard to tell the old way because it's hard to tell" points out the purpose of the paragraph. 13. What do you think of the learning attitude of being diligent, persistent in learning, and happy to forget worries? This learning attitude of studying hard and forgetting worries still has positive reference significance today. Scholars must have perseverance and the character of being able to endure hardships. Only by studying diligently can one achieve something. 14. Why doesn’t this article sound serious and preachy? The author speaks from his own experience, uses facts to make things clear, and uses emotion to make people understand, so that the younger generation can understand the essence from the friendly and euphemistic story narration. The essence is more touching than simple discussion, and is easier for horses to accept. (Contrast the difficulty of studying with the superior learning conditions of Taipei students, and the sentiment is true), which is convincing. 15. What aspects were difficult to write about? It is difficult to borrow books and copy when you are a child; it is difficult to ask teachers when you are an adult; it is difficult to travel to seek advice from teachers; food and clothing are poor, and life is simple. The difficulty of studying in childhood; the difficulty of seeking a teacher as an adult; the difficult journey of seeking a teacher as an adult; and the hardships of life as an adult. 16. What do you think of the author’s attitude of respecting and following his teachers? A. In our study and life, we should respect our teachers, be respectful when asking questions, listen carefully to the teacher's criticism and education, and not blame the teacher for perfection. Only by respecting teachers and teaching can we succeed in learning.
B. The author is respectful in front of the teacher and "dare not say a word". This is the most common phenomenon in the old Chinese education. It contains the positive factors of respecting teachers and teaching, but it also seems too pedantic. Students can communicate with teachers on an equal footing. , everyone can express their own opinions, and even have a heated discussion, because I love my teacher, and I love the truth even more. 17. What qualities should a “good scholar” have? Scholars must have perseverance and the character to endure hardships. Only by studying diligently can one achieve something. 18. Couplets related to the main theme of the article? It is famous all over the world and it is said that it is due to having no distractions in the world. Whether there is good moral character or not, it is just because of being pampered.
The road to study is difficult and bumpy. Only by not being afraid of difficulties, having the courage to explore, and having perseverance and perseverance can we learn something. Success, diligent study is the root of achievement. The key to success in learning lies in subjective effort and has little to do with objective learning and living conditions. In learning, we must have the thoughts and feelings of enjoying hardship and enjoying hardship. At the same time, we should cherish our existing superior learning environment and conditions and study hard.