Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. Try to keep the language style of the original text.
For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them after the translation.
After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
Specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing. You can read more when you have time: the requirement of classical Chinese translation is "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". "Faithfulness" means that the translation should be accurate, that is, the translation should be faithful to the original, and the original should be translated truly and properly by using modern Chinese.
"Da" means that the translation should be fluent, that is, it should conform to the grammar and usage of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be fluent without language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation should be beautiful and natural, that is, it should be vivid and vivid, and it should perfectly express the writing style of the original text.
Principles of Classical Chinese Translation In the process of classical Chinese translation, we must follow the principle of "every word has its place, combining literal translation with free translation, and giving priority to literal translation". This requires us to translate every word in a sentence in a specific way. As long as it has a certain real meaning, we must implement it word by word and occupy the corresponding seat.
When translating, we should directly change the classical Chinese into the corresponding modern Chinese according to the meaning and word order of the original text, so that words are inseparable from words and sentences. If the meaning is not smooth after literal translation, free translation should be used as an auxiliary means to make the meaning of the sentence as perfect as possible.
Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve students' reading ability and written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement.
Try to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start.
When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them after the translation. After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs.
The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.
The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns.
The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word.
These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing.
"Stay" means to keep. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can remain unchanged when translated.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese.
For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences.
Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement.
Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns.
When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits. "Change" means flexibility.
On the basis of being faithful to the original text, relevant words are vivid. If "the waves are calm", it can be vividly described as "the lake is calm".
Classical Chinese Translation Quartet In recent two years, the examination of classical Chinese translation in college entrance examination has changed from choosing right or wrong to translation. This increases the difficulty of answering questions, and the problems are all in the classroom, as if there is no trace to be found and there is no way to start.
In fact, we can still pay attention to a little skill and play a wonderful classical Chinese translation quartet from the following four aspects: 1. Attention should be paid to supplementing omitted sentence elements in translation. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object.
When doing translation questions, we must pay attention to completing the sentence components omitted from the original text first, otherwise the translation will be ambiguous and unreasonable. 2. Translation should pay attention to adjusting word order.
Variant sentences often appear in classical Chinese, including subject-predicate postposition, attributive postposition, preposition postposition and preposition object. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be easy, otherwise translation will be easily disrupted, giving people the feeling that "two monks are at a loss."
3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use.
It mainly includes the causative usage of verbs, adjectives and nouns, the conative usage of adjectives and nouns, and nouns as verbs and nouns as adverbials. When translating, we should grasp the temporary meaning of words.
4. Translation should focus on keywords, context and breakthrough. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words.
This word is the key word. For it, we should contact the context to understand and comprehend it.
To sum up, it is not difficult to translate classical Chinese correctly as long as you work hard at ordinary times, pay attention to the above four points, master it flexibly. Mastering the Key Points and Skills of Grading Classical Chinese Translation In 2005, the outline of Chinese examination included "sentence patterns and usages different from modern Chinese" in the scope of college entrance examination. The examination of this knowledge point is probably reflected in the translation questions.
2. How to translate classical Chinese: Introduction: At present, the translation of classical Chinese has become a focus of the college entrance examination and the senior high school entrance examination. Whether in-class or out-of-class classical Chinese, students are required to translate key sentences in the text, and learning classical Chinese is precisely the difficulty for students. Many students take a translation reference book as soon as they learn classical Chinese, but once they leave the textbook, it is difficult for them to understand it correctly.
In view of this situation, I personally think it is necessary for students to master the translation methods of classical Chinese. Key words: reservation, addition, deletion, substitution, adjustment and flexible free translation. Nowadays, the translation of classical Chinese has become a key point in the college entrance examination and senior high school entrance examination. Students are required to translate key sentences in classical Chinese both in class and out of class, and learning classical Chinese is a difficult task for students. Many students take a translation reference book as soon as they learn classical Chinese, but once they leave the textbook, it is difficult for them to understand it correctly.
In view of this situation, I personally think it is necessary for students to master the translation methods of classical Chinese. In my teaching career for several years, I have summed up a set of effective translation methods of classical Chinese and achieved certain results. Now I will provide you with these methods.
1. Preservation method In classical Chinese, proper nouns, country names, place names, official names, object names, etc. should be preserved. No change. For example: "On the evening of October 12, 2006, Yuanfeng."
The title of the night tour "Yuanfeng" in Chengtian Temple is the year number, which can be kept unchanged when we translate it. "Nie Zheng stabbed Han Fu, and Bai Hong watched the sky".
("The Warring States Policy Tang Ju Live up to the Mission")-After Nie Zheng stabbed North Korea, a white light went straight to the sun. "Nie Zheng" and "Han Jing" are both names, which remain unchanged in translation.
2. Supplementary method There are many ellipsis phenomena in ancient Chinese, and the omitted components should be supplemented in translation. For example, "When I saw a fisherman, I was shocked. I asked what I didn't say, and I answered.
You have to go home and set up wine to kill chickens for dinner. "(Peach Blossom Spring)-(Village people) were surprised when they met the fisherman and asked him where he came from.
(Fisherman) Give a detailed answer. (Villager) Someone invited (fisherman) to his house, put wine to kill the chicken, and treated him warmly.
Ellipsis is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese, and it should be supplemented in translation. 3. Delete some function words from French ancient Chinese. There is no equivalent word to be translated in modern Chinese, or according to the law of modern Chinese, function words are not used here, so they can be deleted and not translated, without affecting the accuracy and fluency of sentences.
Such as modest adverbs, partial conjunctions, mood auxiliary words and "zhi" used to cancel independence in subject-predicate phrases. All the disciples said,' Love your life'.
(Historical Records Chen She Family)-The partners said with one voice, "I will obey your orders". "Although I am dead, I have a son."
Even if I die, my son is still alive. The adverb of "Jing" expressing humility can be omitted and untranslated, and "Zhi" can be omitted and untranslated between subject-predicate phrases, thus eliminating independence.
4. Substitution method (also known as variation method) Word substitution: Some words with special usage in ancient Chinese cannot be translated with words with roughly the same meaning in modern Chinese, which is called word substitution. For example, "When filial piety was established, Huiwen Wang, Wuwu Wang and Zhao Xiang learned from it and used it" ("On Qin")-After the death of filial piety, Huiwen Wang, Wuwang Wang and Zhaoxiang Wang inherited the heritage of their ancestors and followed the national policies handed down by their ancestors.
Sentence substitution: Sentences with special meaning in ancient Chinese can be transformed into corresponding sentences in modern Chinese to express their special meaning. 5. There are many variant sentences (predicate preposition, attributive postposition, preposition object, preposition object postposition, etc.). Classical Chinese, and the word order of these sentences needs to be adjusted when translating, such as "Compared with their knees, each one is hidden in the fold at the bottom of the painting and calligraphy scroll" (the story of the nuclear ship)-their knees close to each other are hidden in the fold at the bottom of the painting and calligraphy scroll.
"Comparison" is the central word; The postposition attribute of "two knees"; "Zhe" is used as the tail of the postattributive, which is equivalent to "De". Cao Cao is better than Yuan Shao.
("Longzhong Dui")-Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao. 6. Flexible use of parts of speech is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese. When we encounter flexible words, we should translate the meaning of the word flexibly.
For example, "When the six kings are finished, the four seas are one." ("Epang Palace Fu")-"Six countries perish and the world is unified."
The word "one" is translated into "unity" and used flexibly as a verb. "If time is lost, the law will be cut."
(Historical Records of Chen She's Family)-If you miss the deadline, you will be beheaded according to the military law of the Qin Dynasty. The original meaning of "law" is law and noun, which should be translated here according to law, with noun as adverbial.
7. Free translation does not strictly require the correspondence between modern Chinese and ancient Chinese, but only requires accurate expression of the original meaning, which is quite flexible. The meanings of metaphor, metonymy and extension in classical Chinese are not clear in literal translation, so we should use free translation.
For example, "I dare not approach in autumn." (The Hongmen Banquet)-Even the fur of wild animals in autumn is afraid to go near (literal translation)-the property is simply afraid to take it for yourself.
Free translation should be chosen here, so that the meaning is more clear. Classical Chinese translation is not only a difficult point for us to learn classical Chinese, but also the focus of the exam. It is necessary to master a set of correct translation methods, so as to get twice the result with half the effort, and I hope everyone can benefit from it.
Finally, I sum up these seven translation methods of classical Chinese into a song-a song translated from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese: the words correspond to the sentence method, and the original appearance is the most appropriate. If words are difficult to correspond, they can be changed through free translation.
Omitted ingredients must be supplemented, and meaningless meanings can be deleted. Syntactic word order is different from ancient times to the present, so it is difficult to translate according to the present adjustment.
Keep the technical terms, believe them and translate them well.
3. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible.
The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible.
Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand.
Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
4. How do you say "they" in ancient Chinese? In ancient Chinese, words such as "he", "he", "zhi" and "qu" were often used to express the third person. They can be used to refer to people as well as things. Their usage is flexible and they are usually translated into "he", "she", "they" and "theirs".
When the third person pronoun represents the singular person, it is translated as "he (she, it)"; When the plural number is expressed, it is translated into "they (they, they)"; When used as the possessor of the attribute, it is translated as "his (its)" and "his (its)". For example:
1, the debate between Zuo Qiuming and Cao Gui in the pre-Qin period: I am tired of my benefits, and I will overcome them.
Their morale has disappeared, but the morale of our army is rising, so we beat them.
2. The poem "Peacocks Fly Southeast" by Han Yuefu: Although it is important to the imperial court, the canal meeting will never happen.
Although I made an oath with the official, I never got a chance to see him.
3. Liu Xiang's "Touching the Dragon and Saying Empress Dowager Zhao" in the Pre-Qin Dynasty: If there are complex words that make Chang a quality, the old woman will spit out her face.
I will spit on anyone who says that he will often be taken hostage.
Extended data:
Other personal pronouns in ancient Chinese:
1, first person: commonly used words such as "I", "I" and "Yu", as well as emperor's special names such as "I", "I" and "I". It can usually be translated into "I", "mine", "ours" and "ours".
Pronouns in the first person are translated into "I" when expressing singular persons; When the plural number is expressed, it is translated into "we"; When used as an attribute in a sentence, it is translated into "mine" and "ours". Whether it is singular or plural depends on the context.
2. The second person refers to "Er", "Ru", "Female", "Ruo" and "Nai". Usually translated as "you", "yours", "yours" and "yours".
The second person refers to each pronoun, which is translated as "you" in the singular and "you" in the plural; When used as an attribute, it translates into "yours" and "yours"
Baidu Encyclopedia-Personal Pronouns
5. Classical Chinese translation: Zheng people who have shoes together should measure their feet first and sit in sets. When they arrived in the city, they forgot to exercise. When they get the shoes, they will say, "I forgot to take them." Instead, they came back to take them. When the market hits, they can't take it away. People say, "Why not try to be satisfied?" There is a Zheng who wants to buy shoes. He measured his feet first, and then put them on the seat. When he was going to the market, he forgot to take the measurements. When he got the shoes, he said, "I forgot to measure them." So he went back to get the size of his foot. When he came back, the market was closed. (He) said, "I would rather trust the measured size than my own feet.
6. How to accurately translate classical Chinese sentences Classical Chinese translation should achieve the three words of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". "Faithfulness" means that the translation should be accurate, that is, the translation should be faithful to the original, and the original should be translated truly and properly by using modern Chinese. "Da" means that the translation should be fluent, that is, it should conform to the grammar and usage of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be fluent without language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation should be beautiful and natural, that is, it should be vivid and vivid, and it should perfectly express the writing style of the original text.
Principles of classical Chinese translation
In the process of translating classical Chinese, we must follow the principle of "every word has its place, combining literal translation with free translation, and giving priority to literal translation". This requires us to translate every word in a sentence in a specific way. As long as it has a certain real meaning, we must implement it word by word and occupy the corresponding seat. When translating, we should directly change the classical Chinese into the corresponding modern Chinese according to the meaning and word order of the original text, so that words are inseparable from words and sentences. If the meaning is not smooth after literal translation, free translation should be used as an auxiliary means to make the meaning of the sentence as perfect as possible.
Translation methods of classical Chinese
Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and students' written expression ability.
Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. Try to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them after the translation. After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs.
The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.
The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing.
"Stay" means to keep. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can remain unchanged when translated.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, relevant words are vivid. If "the waves are calm", it can be vividly described as "the lake is calm".
Classical Chinese Translation of Quartet
In the past two years, the college entrance examination has changed from choosing right or wrong to translating classical Chinese. This increases the difficulty of answering questions, and the problems are all in the classroom, as if there is no trace to be found and there is no way to start. In fact, you can still pay attention to a little skill and play a wonderful "Classical Chinese Translation Quartet" from the following four aspects:
1. Translation should pay attention to supplementing omitted sentence elements. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object. When doing translation questions, we must pay attention to completing the sentence components omitted from the original text first, otherwise the translation will be ambiguous and unreasonable.
2. Translation should pay attention to adjusting word order. Variant sentences often appear in classical Chinese, including subject-predicate postposition, attributive postposition, preposition postposition and preposition object. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be easy, otherwise translation will be easily disrupted, giving people the feeling that "two monks are at a loss."
3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use. It mainly includes the causative usage of verbs, adjectives and nouns, the conative usage of adjectives and nouns, and nouns as verbs and nouns as adverbials. When translating, we should grasp the temporary meaning of words.
4. Translation should focus on keywords, context and breakthrough. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words. This word is the key word. For it, we should contact the context to understand and comprehend it.
To sum up, it is not difficult to translate classical Chinese correctly as long as you work hard at ordinary times, pay attention to the above four points, master it flexibly.