"Twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor" should be interpreted as the fact that the Yellow Emperor has twenty-five sons. Surnames in the same surname, different surnames and German surnames have ancient and modern meanings, while surnames in the pre-Qin period refer to clan surnames in the ancient sense, namely clan numbers and clan names. The author further interprets "clan surname" as a kinship title, which, like the words "surname" such as Jiang surname and Ji surname, is essentially the identification code of different blood relatives in a big clan tribe, and "surname" can also be the personal symbol of the head of a small family. Due to the doubling of population, the original big tribe has been divided into several new tribes. In order to distinguish themselves from each other and show their specificity, these tribes set up a family number for their sub-tribes, that is, "surname" Of course, some small tribes still use the mother names of the old tribes instead of doing so. The Huangdi family, centered on Huangdi and composed of four wives and twenty-five children, is also called the big tribe. This big tribe has spawned twelve small families or tribes, and each small family or tribe has its own surname. They live in a village or several neighboring villages, and the relationship between blood clan members is closer than that between clan members. According to archaeological data, each small family includes the patriarch and his wife or wife and children. The word "Bie" in The Son of Four Mothers Without Twelve Surnames means "Derived separately". The author thinks that all the 25 children born to four mothers do not take their mother's surname, but derive 12 new surnames respectively. According to the unearthed documents, the "Ji surname" in "only Qingyang and Yigu are their surnames" is "Ji surname". "Ji" and "Ji" can be interchanged in the pre-Qin period, and the surname of "Ji" in inscriptions on bronze is the surname of "Ji" recorded in the documents handed down from generation to generation. See below for details. "Qingyang, Fang Nephew also." "Aunt, Tong Yu's nephew" in this sentence is only a kinship term for men rather than women. The author thinks that the reason why the original narrative is so circuitous, instead of directly saying "Qingyang is also the son of Lei Fangjia", is to emphasize that Qingyang and an ancient capital are men, not women. If the cloud is the son of a certain person, the sex of the child may not be known. The word "niece" can emphasize gender more, suggesting that the society in the Yellow Emperor period has developed into a patriarchal society. The characteristic of patriarchal society is that the clan is composed of a male ancestor, his children and the descendants of his male descendants, and the children and grandchildren belong to the father. Lineage is passed down by male leaders, and property is inherited according to the paternal line. The head of a family is elected, usually the oldest man, and is the organizer of production. Several clans formed a tribal alliance. Each tribe has a certain land area. The whole tribe has a Council, which is composed of the heads of various clans. It decides the internal and external affairs of the tribe and elects tribal leaders or tribal group leaders. Tribal alliance leaders used to be commanders of military expeditions, but with the frequent occurrence of wars, they became full-time military leaders. Powerful and militant tribal groups often conquer other tribes under the command of competent leaders. Because of the need of war, neighboring tribes have also formed tribal alliances, some of which are quite lasting and have great influence in history. "Historical Records of the Five Emperors" says: "At the time of Xuanyuan, Shennong declined. ..... So Xuanyuan is so used to fighting that he can't enjoy himself, and the princes are salty. " "There are absent people in the world, and the Yellow Emperor will levy them. He who is flat will go there and cross the mountain road, and there will never be peace. "It is obvious that Emperor Xuanyuan" levied "and" removed "the disobedient people here, which made" the vassal salty customer service obedient ". This kind of military conquest made the vassal's "guest obedience", in fact, the full-time highest military power above the public power of daily affairs. With this supreme military power, the Yellow Emperor can fight Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu and Yan Di in the land of Hanquan, constantly occupying each other's resources and women, strengthening his tribal state power and the right of tribal members to get the best spouse, consolidating his own strength, and at the same time promoting the eugenics of future generations, because consanguineous marriage reduces the quality of the population and leads to the decline of the family. In Mandarin IV, the word "zong" in which "all descendants of the Yellow Emperor have 25 cases" refers to zong, which obviously tells us that the 25 children of the Yellow Emperor were one person at that time, with 25 cases. Everyone's rules here are different from those of the Han Dynasty. "Historical Records Five Families" says: "Thirteen sons of Emperor Xiaojing are kings and five mothers are clansmen." That is, the son of Emperor Xiaojing in Han Dynasty can be divided into five situations according to his mother. Therefore, the author thinks that the previous section "Twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor ……" and the next section "Twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor ……" are not simple repetitions, but further explanations of "Twelve surnames". The next section emphasizes that the sons of the Yellow Emperor are male and female, and everyone has his own surname. Among 14 children, there are Unitary, Qi, Zi and Ji, except for two children who continue to retain the surname of Ji. From the context of the previous section, we can know that "my surname" in the cloud "Only Qingyang and Yigu are my surnames" in the previous section is the same surname in 1 1 new surnames. Say the word "surname" first. Mr. Yang believes that among the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, fourteen have twelve surnames, and the other eleven have no intention of "having no surnames". The author believes that this is actually the case. Since the ancient matriarchal clan society, all people born naturally have the title of relatives-surname, and there is no surname system of "no surname". As far as Zuo Zhuan records that "the son of heaven was born with a surname", those who were given a surname also had their own original surname, or the original surname was re-favored by the son of heaven, the most dominant leader. It is a great honor for those who are virtuous and meritorious to be given a surname by God. Although people who are not given surnames have their own surnames, they are not born with "no surnames" because they are not given surnames. For example, Yi Yin, who was born in late summer and became Shang Jianshang, abandoned his baby before being used by Tang, and then took advantage of it. Yi Yin is from China, and you come down in one continuous strain, so his surname is Si, and he is a descendant of Yu, the founder of Xia Dynasty. Because of his slave status, in the slave society in the late summer and early Shang dynasty, you can't use your "secretary" as your identity mark. According to the taste of Lu Chunqiu: "There was once a woman who picked mulberry, and her baby was born in an empty mulberry ... Because it became an empty mulberry, it was named Yi Yin, which is also the reason why Yi Yin gave birth to an empty mulberry. Long and virtuous, Tang Wen is easy to be cloudy, which makes people invite a surname and a surname. Yi Yin also wanted to go back to Tang, so Tang proposed to her. She was very satisfied with her and took Yi Yin as her bride. " After textual research, there are many writers and writers. Meaning: Yi Yin was born in a mulberry forest with a surname of Guo, and was adopted by a woman with a surname of Guo. When he grows up, he has both ability and political integrity. After learning this news, Shang wanted to invite Yi Yin to help establish Shang Dynasty. Yi Yin also had this idea, but it was rejected by countries with surnames, so Cheng Tang married Yi Yin to the Shang Dynasty as a courtier. Although Yi Yin came from a humble background, his talent was widely favored by Cheng Tang. Although he came to Shang Dynasty as an emissary, he was highly valued by Shang Tang, and finally helped Tang achieve the great cause of establishing Shang Dynasty. He was the founding father of Shang Dynasty. As for the meaning of "Yi", it is because it was born on the banks of the Yi River. Therefore, among the twenty-five children of the Yellow Emperor, except for the fourteen sons of the Yellow Emperor who independently established twelve surnames, the other eleven children, especially girls, all had surnames, only taking their mother's surnames, because the social custom of "taking their mother's surnames" originated from matriarchal clan society existed until the Xia and Shang Dynasties. During the period of slavery in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, although there were different surnames and men, surnames still played the role of "other marriage" with biological and social characteristics, and the custom of "women taking surnames" was still followed. Women are ranked by their place of birth, such as Qijiang and Lu Jiang, or by their surnames, such as Jiang Meng and Ji Bo. Therefore, as early as the Yellow Emperor period before Xia and Shang Dynasties, the social custom of women taking their mother's surname should prevail. As for the surnames of these eleven mothers (that is, the four wives of the Yellow Emperor), we have no way of knowing them. One thing is certain, their mother's surname is the surname handed down from the previous generation, that is to say, their mother's surname has existed for a long time before the "Twelve Surnames". The surname "Ji" of the Yellow Emperor was originally a symbol of matrilineal blood, but the descendants of the Yellow Emperor became a symbol of paternal blood because of the establishment of patriarchy, and the surname "Ji" branched out from the consanguinity with twelve new surnames.
Based on the above explanation, we think that the records of the surname of the son of the Yellow Emperor in Guoyu IV are all in the original text, and the relationship between the original text and the interpretation is not up and down. The section "Twenty-five cases of sons of the Yellow Emperor" ... is all named Ji, not added by later generations. In terms of language style, ji zi, the (later) attache, adopted the first statement, that is, two half-brothers Iguhe (the son of the second concubine Fang of the Yellow Emperor) belong to the same tribe, and both of them are surnamed Ji. Then he kept saying that Simuwu's son's name was not twelve. Further, he kept saying that fourteen people had twelve surnames, and then he specifically said these twelve surnames. Therefore, the relationship between the upper and lower paragraphs of the original text about the surname of the son of the Yellow Emperor in Guoyu IV is the relationship of division-total-total-division.
The reason why scholars of past dynasties can't solve the crux of the surname of the Twenty-five Sons of the Yellow Emperor is that they are only two people with the same surname: only Qingyang and Yigu are their own surnames, which leads to the confusion of scholars of past dynasties about the number and identity of the same surname. In the past, scholars thought that the word "Ji" should be "Ji" of "oneself", which means the surname of the Yellow Emperor, and "all of them are his own surnames", which means that Qingyang and Yigu are Ji surnames, which contradicts the following "Only Qingyang and Canglin belong to the Yellow Emperor, so they are all Ji surnames". Because of this, some people in later generations said that only 13 people had their surnames, not 14 people, that is, Sima Zhen in the Tang Dynasty made a wrong annotation on Records of the Five Emperors, saying that "the Yellow Emperor had twenty-five sons and fourteen sons had their surnames". He said: "The old solution of four is three, and the surname is thirteen. According to Guoyu today, Xu Chenyun said: Twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor ... made mistakes in the text of Guoyu, which made Confucianism in the previous dynasty suspicious ... There is no doubt that they divided the four into three. " Actually, Mandarin is not wrong. Yigu and Canglin should be two people. All these speculations are only a fraction of a mile long. For example, in Huangfu Mi's "The Emperor's Century" in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he said: "The daughter of the second princess, Lei Fang, was named Fu Ri and gave birth to Qingyang. The second princess is the daughter of a fish, born with a drum (A Canglin). " In the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), the bibliophile Huang Pilie's Annotation on the Interpretation of Ming Dow's Original Mandarin also said: "One ancient and Cang Lin are one person; Huangfu Mi said, "I'm going to drum up a green forest. The so-called "take this" in Huang Pilie's sentence refers to Huangfu Mi's saying that ancient times and Cang Lin are one person and two people. It is clearly recorded in the History of Ancient and Modern Figures written by Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, that Tong Yu's family was born in Yigu and Mo Mu was born in Canglin. We don't care whether Canglin's mother is Mo Mu or Lei Zu from Xiling, which shows that Yigu and Canglin are not the same person. We think that the comments made by Huangfu Mi and Huang Pilie after Ban Gu are wrong.
Because scholars of past dynasties did not scrutinize the special meaning of "one's surname" in Zhunyuan, they mistakenly thought that the contextual contradiction and the two "Qingyang" in Guoyu Jinyu Si were the same person. Actually, it is not. Besides, the author of Guoyu will not do this kind of language repetition and inconsistency casually. So how to explain the "own surname" in Guoyu Yujin IV? This needs to be explained by the cultural relics unearthed from underground archaeology, otherwise it will never be solved. In the documents handed down in the pre-Qin dynasty, the word "Ji" was not only used to express "Ji", but also used to identify the surnames of blood relatives (archaeology proved that "Ji" was used as the surname in the pre-Qin period, which was later recorded). Therefore, two words with the same sound and shape often appear in the same sentence in ancient books of pre-Qin dynasty, and sometimes they are not even synonymous. Even today, there are many such examples. For example, "Old horse, where is your pony?" Because there are no punctuation marks, the listener can't judge whether the word "horse" is synonymous or not. People's understanding of this sentence may have the following three meanings: a. The friend of the old horse is asking about a pony raised by the old horse. The old horse's friend is asking the old horse's child. C. The horse keeper is talking to one of his old horses: the old horse gave birth to a pony and asked where his messenger went. Obviously, the author of Guoyu IV did not expect that future generations would misunderstand that "Ji" is their own surname, and "Ji" is all their own surnames. According to a batch of Ji Guoqing bronzes, such as Ji Houzhong and Ji Hougui, unearthed from the Ji backstage site in Shouguang City in 1983 (about 3,000 years ago), combined with relevant handed down documents, we reveal that this ancient "Ji Guo" was written as "Ji Guo" in China ancient books. 1972-65438+February, archaeologists from Shandong Provincial Museum and Yantai conducted archaeological excavations on the ancient tomb in Qianheqian Village, Laiyang City. Two of the nine bronzes unearthed have inscriptions, one of which is a copper pot with the inscription 13: "I made a pot for myself as a treasure of a small official." It shows that the king of his country cast this bronze jar, and he gave it to his loyal minister, the owner of the tomb. The third place where Chinese bronzes were unearthed in Jiaodong Peninsula is Guicheng, Longkou City, which is famous for its numerous historical sites in the pre-Qin period, and Heping Village in the east of Guicheng City, where Chinese bronzes were unearthed. Through the textual research and interpretation of bronzes unearthed in the above three places, we think that "my country" and "my surname" before Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties are mostly written as "Ji country" and "Ji surname" in documents and classics after the Warring States Period, while "my surname" has been preserved in some handed down documents such as Guoyu, and the favorite princess of da ji recorded in history books is "Ji" so far. From this, it can be proved that the authenticity and comprehensiveness of the information provided by these inscriptions on Shang and Zhou Dynasties are far better than the classic books. Therefore, the revelation we get is that all the sons of the Yellow Emperor are surnames in Guoyu Yujin IV. It turns out that the surname of the pre-Qin dynasty was Ji, not himself. Because the ancients did not find archaeological evidence that the surname "Ji" was "Ji" in the pre-Qin period, later generations could never solve the mystery of the legend that the son of the Yellow Emperor got his surname.
At this point, we immediately understood that "Ji surname" has two half-brothers-Qingyang of Lei Fangsheng and Yigu of Tong Yusheng. There are also two people with the same surname as the Yellow Emperor-Qingyang (namely Xuanmao) born by Lei Zu in Xiling and Canglin born by Mo Mu. The remaining 10 people get 10 surnames respectively, making a total of 14 people get 12 surnames. This surname 12, like the original surname of the Yellow Emperor, Gongsun, grew up on the bank of Jishui. 14 Same surname but different surname. Anthropologically speaking, there is a social phenomenon that brothers and fathers have different surnames in the primitive surname system of prehistoric people, which is common in primitive society. Although the remaining 1 1 people among the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor have no new surnames, they obviously all have their own surnames. There is no difference between those who have surnames and those who cannot, and there is no need to resort to the system of "giving surnames" for other explanations. In fact, there is not a word about "giving surname" in the original text. During the period of the Yellow Emperor, the clan was big and independent, while the clan was small and weak. According to archaeological data, large families in the period of the Yellow Emperor should not only take care of the weak members of the clan, but also adopt non-blood clan members. We have solved the mystery that "Ji" is the surname of "Ji", thoroughly solved the extraordinarily serious unsolved case that has puzzled Confucian scholars for more than 2,100 years since the Han Dynasty, and also cleared the original author of Guoyu IV (referring to the famous scholar in the Qianlong period) of the crime of "humiliating the ancient saints and confusing Confucianism in later generations"!