The comprehensive application of paper, ink, pen and inkstone has gradually developed writing into a unique art, and calligraphy and painting have played the highest artistic expression on paper. Because bright colors and exquisite patterns have been added to the study and decoration, papermaking has been improved and beautified. Guanghui Temple in Haiyan made a rare paper named "Jinsujian" specially for copying Tibetan scriptures. This paper was produced in Suzhou from Song Zhiping to Yuan You (1054 ~ 1094). The texture is solid and firm, the interior is waxed, the surface is smooth and shiny, and there are no water marks. Every piece of paper is printed with "Jinsushan Scripture Collection Paper". There are tens of thousands of books in Guanghui Temple, and each book is connected by 15 pieces of paper. Jin Sujian is precious to collectors, copied, and called "scripture collection paper", which is still used as the label of books. Another kind of paper made by Seiko is "Pepper Paper" produced in Jianyang, Fujian in the Southern Song Dynasty. Pepper seed juice can kill insects and will never be eaten by insects. Its texture is similar to that of "golden millet stationery", but it is thin and shiny, golden yellow and quite tough. It is said that the fragrance on this paper can last for hundreds of years.
"Xuan paper" is delicate in texture, white and soft, produced in Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng, Anhui Province) and has been dedicated to painting and calligraphy. "Xuan paper" is made of sandalwood bark and straw. The quality depends on the proportion of sandalwood bark in its raw materials. The best "rice paper" is made of sandalwood skin: about half to 70% of the ordinary quality is sandalwood skin. The word "Xuan paper" first appeared in the documents of the Tang Dynasty, and it was a tribute of Jingxian County in Xuanzhou. Used in books, stationery, photocopying, painting and calligraphy.
Another kind of paper admired by artists is "Cheng Xin Tang Paper", which was specially made by Li Yi (937 ~ 978), the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty. The raw material of this paper is paper bark, but it needs to be bleached in a special way to make its fibers pure. After the paper is first made, it needs polishing and waxing to make it more shiny and durable.
A kind of "Hua Kai paper" produced in Hua Kai, Zhejiang Province, with special texture, was specially selected by Wuying Temple in Qing Dynasty for printing "Canon". Sometimes the back of old paper can be rewritten, which is called "anti-reason"; Or, wash the waste paper from the pollution in Zhu Mo and soak it in a vat for recycling, which is called "rejuvenation paper", which is now called "recycled environmental protection paper".
Paper is usually colored or patterned and used for letterheads, poems or business contracts. Making this paper is an art in itself. Many famous artists have made certain contributions to the design and promotion. It is said that Wang Xizhi (32 1 ~ 379), a famous calligrapher in Jin Dynasty, likes to use purple stationery. Huan Xuan (died in 404) made "Peach Blossom Notepad" paper in light green, cyan and red, which is a famous brand in Sichuan. These are all early colored stationery.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were many styles of stationery. Xie made "ten-color stationery", which was made by dyeing every ten sheets with ten colors of water. "Ten-color paper" has the colors of deep red, pink, apricot red, bright yellow, dark blue, light blue, dark green, light green, green and light cloud. There are also various other pleasing stationery, such as "Songhua", "Jinsha", "quicksand", "rosy clouds", "golden powder", "dragon and phoenix" (red gold) and "peach red sprinkled with gold". At that time, the most famous stationery was a crimson small stationery made by Xue Tao, a famous proofreader in Sichuan. She used this homemade stationery to sing with famous poets Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi at that time. It is said that this crimson stationery called Xuetao stationery is made of hibiscus skin and hibiscus petals. From Sichuan to other places, it has been copied all over the country for hundreds of years.
Around this period, "watermark" and "marble paper" have been manufactured and used in China. It is said that Li Jianzhong (945 ~ 10 18) in the Song Dynasty's "The Same Year's Post" was made of paper, with waves and dark flowers in it. This is the early "dark paper", also known as "water paper". As for "marble paper", according to (957 ~ 995), "caviar paper is made with fine cloth and flour paste to make it stiff and show the lines, which is also called" Luo paper ". He also said, "Some people make batter, paint it with five colors, and make it look cute with paper, which is called quicksand paper. Some people boil the paste of Gleditsia sinensis seeds, add croton oil to the water, and you can ink on it. "With ginger, losing. If you wipe your head with dust, you will collect it. Then you will draw it into a figure. It will be like a cloud and a bird's feather. It will be lovely, colorful and faded by paper cloth. These are the earliest records of making "marble paper". Hunter, who specializes in the history of papermaking, believes that "water-textured paper" was first used in Europe in A.D. 1282, and "marble-textured paper" was invented by Persians in A.D. 1550. According to the above information, this kind of art paper was made in China 300 ~ 500 years ago, or even earlier. Among them, the most famous is Notes on Ten Bamboo Grottoes printed by Hu Zai around 1645, which contains flowers, fruit trees, landscapes, rocks, figures, antiques and stationery. Woodcut overprinting, a method of overprinting stationery, has spread to this day.
The improvement of production technology can promote the economic and cultural development of an industry and even society. The production of papermaking curtains by impregnation method is an extremely important improvement and promotion of papermaking in China. The ancients scraped off the edges with extremely fine bamboo filaments, or juxtaposed them vertically and horizontally, and tied them with silk hemp or animal tail bristles at regular intervals to make paper-making net curtains. Can be fixed on the frame. (See "Tiangong" in the late Ming and Song Dynasties. The physical samples are now in the Hunter Paper Museum in the United States. ) The surface of the bamboo mold is smooth and bright, and the wet paper fiber will not stick to the curtain like the curtain mold. This new tool can copy a piece of paper without waiting for each piece of paper to be exposed on the mold after drying. The same curtain mold can be used continuously to copy unlimited paper. The quality and efficiency are greatly improved. The quality of paper depends largely on the structure of papermaking curtain. Its manufacturing technology has become a secret, and the technology has been passed down from generation to generation. It is never easy to teach foreign surnames. The bamboo silk on the curtain often leaves traces on the paper, which has its own characteristics with time and region. The paper of Sui and Tang Dynasties (58 1 ~ 907) had a fine curtain, just like the modern papermaking method formed a watermark on the paper. Some Tang Dynasty papers detected by Hunter in the United States have 23 bamboo silk traces every 2.54 cm, and the traces of animal tail bristles in the longitudinal direction of curtains are about 2.7 cm apart. Its granularity is very similar to several imported high-grade commercial letter watermark papers sold in Beijing market today, which is worth pondering.
Printing grew from simple to complex in the initial stage and became a perfect and exquisite art in the Song Dynasty (960 ~ 1279). The improvement of technology, the adoption of new methods and the expansion of printing scope have made great progress in this period. The printing and binding methods of books, from folding books in the Song Dynasty to butterfly clothes, to Bao Bei clothes in the Yuan Dynasty, finally come down to thread-bound books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Wooden cases or boxes for storing books are often made of insect-proof and antiseptic wood, such as nanmu. Wood commonly used in plywood manufacturing is catalpa, sandalwood and jujube. With the extensive use of modern printing presses in the 20th century, the line binding method was replaced by the western binding method.
With the thousand-year evolution of paper and the integration of Chinese civilization, its artistry has been vividly reflected in China's social folklore, temple classics and literati paintings, and we can only appreciate it in Huihai.
The expression of graphic design works is realized through the harmonious composition of the three most important basic elements (words, graphics and colors). From the perspective of art design, material paper, as the main carrier, directly participates in and embodies the design itself. The characteristics, thickness, density, stiffness, surface characteristics, color, texture, feel and smell of paper are all directly reflected in the reader's vision, touch, smell and even hearing, which converge into a whole feeling and gradually become an emotion in the reader's mind. This is the communication between people and paper, and between people and books. This kind of communication is established, and then it is selected from its application, processing, economy and convenience. Famous teachers are carefully selected, and the best is the best.
A long time ago, people began to praise the quality and practicality of paper. The emperor gave paper to scholars and officials, which was the highest honor and reward.
So far, the preservation and dissemination of knowledge has always been regarded as a virtue of life. The experience of "thinking about zhanghua at sunset" is a pleasant realm of life. In China society, the thesis is not an ordinary article, but has always been closely related to academic art and is highly respected.
It can not only be used by us, but also be felt by us.
Engaged in coated paper business for many years, businessmen often observe that some coated paper is pure and beautiful in quality, faint in weather, fresh and elegant, elegant and elegant, elegant and elegant, or subtle and far-reaching. Because of their rough understanding of papermaking methods, it is difficult to get excellent grades. Like a gentleman, he strives for perfection. Make a rhyming poem, sing a poem and encourage yourself;
Paper is like a gentleman.
Although I am a plant, my heart is high and white clouds are high. After thousands of robberies, the cultivation is purer and chaste.
Long peony green pen, favorite splendid prose. There is loyalty in the heart, and there is a confidant in the world.