Aristotle's contribution to the world is shocking. He has more than 170 works, and only 47 have been handed down from generation to generation. It doesn't matter whether the number of books is more or less. What matters is that his knowledge is extremely profound and impressive. His scientific works constituted an encyclopedia of scientific knowledge at that time. His works cover astronomy, zoology, embryology, geography, stratigraphic tectonics, physics, anatomy and physiology. In short, all disciplines and knowledge fields known by the ancient Greeks are all-encompassing. At the same time, he is a real philosopher and has made rich achievements in all aspects of philosophy. Hipparchus (about BC 190-BC 125) was an ancient Greek astronomer. Born in the northwest of Asia Minor Peninsula, Nicia worked in Rhode Island for a long time.
He is the founder of azimuth astronomy. He calculated that the length of a year is 365 and 1/4 days, minus 1/300 days; It is found that the distance between the white arch point and the yellow-white intersection point is 30 times and 1/6 times the diameter of the earth. For centuries, the movement tables of the sun and the moon have been compiled and used to calculate eclipses. He discovered new stars in 134 BC, which prompted him to compile a catalogue of the positions and brightness of 850 constant stars. He compared his observation results of the ecliptic with those of his predecessors, found the slow movement of the intersection of the ecliptic and the equator-precession, and determined that the annual difference was 45 "or 46" per year. The method of expressing geographical position by latitude and longitude and the method of projection drawing were also invented. In order to study astronomy, he founded trigonometry and sphericity. Hipachas left a lot of observation data. Later generations often use his observations when determining various periods and parameters of planets. In 17 18, Harley compared his observation results with hipparchus' records and found the phenomenon of stars' self-motion. Hipachas's works have not been handed down, and what we know about him now comes from Ptolemy's works.
Zhang Heng (78- 139) was born in Xi, Nanyang (now stonebridge, Nanyang County, Henan Province). He was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made an indelible contribution to the development of astronomy in China. In mathematics, geography, painting and literature, Zhang Heng also showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge.
Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory in the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. He pointed out that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is actually a reflection of the sun's light; He also correctly explained the cause of the solar eclipse and realized the infinity of the universe and the relationship between the speed of planetary motion and the distance from the earth.
Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2,500 stars, created the world's first leaky ball that can accurately perform astronomical phenomena, the first instrument for testing earthquakes-the seismograph for waiting for the wind, and also made a South Locomotive, an automatic drum car, a wooden bird flying to Wan Li and so on.
Zhang Heng * * * is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling Xian and Ling Xian Tu. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Heng Asteroid".
Guo Moruo, a famous writer and historian in China in the 20th century, commented on Zhang Heng: "Such an all-round development figure is rare in world history, and it has been admirable for thousands of years."
Ptolemy (about 90- 168) was an astronomer, geographer, cartographer and mathematician in ancient Greece.
In A.D. 127, the young Ptolemy was sent to Alexandria to study. There, he read a lot of books and studied astronomy and geodesy. He lived in Alexandria for a long time until 15 1.
Ptolemy put forward his own theory of cosmic structure in the second century A.D., that is, "geocentric theory". It is believed that the earth is the center of the universe, motionless, and the sun, moon, planets and stars all revolve around the earth. Ptolemy, a mathematical picture that does not reflect the actual structure of the universe, perfectly explained the planetary motion observed at that time, and gained practical value in navigation, which was widely believed by people. Ptolemy himself claimed that his system did not have physical authenticity, but was only a mathematical scheme to calculate the position of celestial bodies. As for the church's use and maintenance of geocentric theory, it was more than 1000 years after Ptolemy's death.
In addition to his achievements in astronomy, Ptolemy also made outstanding achievements in geography. He believes that the research object of geography should be the whole earth, mainly studying its shape, size, determination of latitude and longitude and map projection method. He made an astrolabe-like instrument for measuring latitude and longitude (astrolabe) and an angular distance measuring instrument, which is very famous in Europe. Ptolemy has eight volumes of geographical works, six of which are lists of places and locations marked by latitude and longitude. Most of his position seems to be calculated according to the distance between his prime meridian and the horizontal circle expressed in radians, because none of his longitude is determined from astronomy, only a few latitudes are so determined. Ptolemy used the smaller value of the circumference of the earth measured by Bosidoni, which made all his land distances expressed in radians exaggerated, because he set the distance of each radian as 500 Greek miles instead of 600 Greek miles. As a result, the distance between Europe and Asia across the Atlantic seems to be much smaller than Eratosthenes's calculation, which eventually led to Columbus's attempt to sail from the west to Asia.
Zu Chongzhi (429-500), a native of Wen Yuan, was an outstanding mathematician, astronomer and mechanical manufacturer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In astronomy, Zu Chongzhi created a famous new calendar in the history of China-Daming Calendar. In Da Liming, he quoted precession for the first time, which was a major reform in the calendar history of our country. He also adopted the new leap week of 39 1 144 leap month, which is more accurate than the leap week of 7 leap months invented in ancient times. The regression year and intersection days calculated by Zu Chongzhi are very close to the observed values.
Mathematically speaking, the true value of pi calculated by Zu Chongzhi should be between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, which is more than a thousand years earlier than that in Europe.
In terms of machinery manufacturing, we have made a copper compass car and a water hammer mill for hydraulic rice milling, which can walk hundreds of miles a day. Quot "a ship of a thousand miles" and timing instruments, such as leaking cans and kerbs.
To commemorate Zu Chongzhi's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon "Zu Chongzhi Crater" and the asteroid 1888 "Zu Chongzhi Asteroid".
A group of people (683-727), whose common name was Zhang Sui, were from Changle, Weizhou (now Nanle County, Henan Province), monks in the Tang Dynasty and outstanding astronomers.
In order to observe the celestial phenomena, the team cooperated with Liang Lingzan, a machinery manufacturer, to make ecliptic instruments and water elephants. On the basis of mastering a large number of measured data, the line re-measured the positions of more than 50 stars in/kloc-0, and found that the positions of these stars recorded in ancient books did not match the actual positions.
From the 12th year of Kaiyuan (AD 724), a group of people presided over a large-scale astronomical geodetic survey. Among the national 12 observation stations, a group of observations by Nangong Shuo et al. in Henan Province is the most successful. After a row of calculation, the meridian length of one degree is obtained, which is the first meridian measurement in the world.
Starting from the 13th year of Kaiyuan (AD 725), a group spent two years compiling the first draft of Dayan Calendar into 20 volumes, which corrected the mistake of dividing the whole year into 24 solar terms on average in the past, and was a major reform of the calendar in China.
The delegation also compiled Kaiyuan Dayan Calendar, Seven Political Calendars, Book of Changes, Mental Arithmetic, Accommodation Ceremony, Yao Qixing Bie and the Law of Protecting Beidou. In order to commemorate the achievements of this bank, people named asteroid 1972 as "a row of asteroids".