How many versions are there in the Three Kingdoms?

Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Ming Dynasty has been widely circulated since its publication, with various versions emerging one after another. There are more than 20 kinds of prints in Ming Dynasty and more than 70 kinds in Qing Dynasty. It can be said that the number of versions of the Three Kingdoms is unparalleled in ancient novels. This is probably related to the historical background at that time. Morphologically, there are three versions of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: 1. Popular romance of the Three Kingdoms II. Biography of the Three Kingdoms III. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, edited by Mao Zonggang and his son, is the most prominent version, and is called the first gifted scholar's book. Modern People's Literature Publishing House deleted some comments on the basis of the rough edition, corrected some mistakes and added some notes. However, due to the limitation of the research level in the past, there are still many "technical errors" in the collating edition of People's Literature Publishing House, including textual errors, geographical errors, official errors, calendar errors and other types of errors. Nevertheless, it is still the version with the largest circulation. Since 1980s, many publishing houses have sorted it out, but few of them have academic value. Among them, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, published by Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, has been highly praised by academic circles and readers, and is regarded as the best version so far. Correct a large number of "technical mistakes" in the book, and list them in turn in the form of "checklist", point out where the mistakes are, put forward correction opinions, and explain the basis for correction; At the same time, comment on what readers don't know or what is specious, and explain it in simple terms, giving people a new understanding. As for China's classic novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by Ming Jiajing at noon, that is, Robben, which is compiled from the long-standing folk stories of Liu, Guan and Zhang Taoyuan. As early as the end of the Tang Dynasty, the story of the Three Kingdoms had been circulated among the people. Li Yishan's "Poetry of Pride" said: "Either tease Zhang (bearded) or laugh at Deng Ai for eating (stuttering)." In the Northern Song Dynasty, there appeared an orator who told the story of the Three Kingdoms. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were many dramas adapted from the stories of the Three Kingdoms, and a Three Kingdoms Pinghua appeared. This Pinghua story begins with the Yellow Scarf Uprising, and when it comes to the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, it has a relatively complete story. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong compiled the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms on the basis of predecessors, using the historical materials of the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes. As soon as this popular romance came out, many versions appeared. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang revised it to make the novel more complete, and it was called the "First Scholar's Book". This is the 120 Romance of the Three Kingdoms that we saw today. Robben was forgotten when Mao Ben appeared. Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Romance of the Three Kingdoms are the pioneering novels of China and Zhang Hui. The earliest edition was the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, also known as Robben and Jiajing Edition. This is the original version of Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is considered by the public to be the closest. It is China's first full-length novel, one of the typical creations combining mass creation with writer creation, and an ancient historical romance novel with high achievements and great influence. The story of the Three Kingdoms has been circulated among the people for a long time. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Pei Songzhi used many folk stories in his annotation of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou. According to Li Shangyin's "Proud Childhood" in the late Tang Dynasty, "either tease Zhang or laugh at Wargo. It can be seen that the story of the Three Kingdoms has been widely circulated among the people in the late Tang Dynasty. Su Shi's Dongpo Zhi Lin said: "When the children of Tuxiang heard that Liu Xuande was defeated, they frowned frequently and some people cried; When you hear that Cao Cao was defeated, you will sing with joy. This is reflected in the fact that in Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, folk artists told the story of the Three Kingdoms with the tendency of "supporting Liu and opposing Cao". There are at least 30 kinds of zaju in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. During the period from Yingzong to (132 1- 1323) in Yuan Dynasty, there were three volumes of Notes on the Whole Phase of the Three Kingdoms in Jian 'an, followed by The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which had already taken shape. Luo Guanzhong (about 1330-about 1400) wrote the immortal Romance of the Three Kingdoms on the basis of the above-mentioned folk legends and scripts and operas created by folk artists, drawing lessons from official history, miscellaneous history, biographies and anecdotes, and combining his rich life experiences. It was written in the first year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1522) After the publication of Roche's book, new editions appeared one after another, mainly Robben, with only some textual research, criticism, addition and deletion of words and sorting out the number of volumes, and the content changed little. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 60 volumes, 120 times, is usually called "Mao Ben". It is the most popular version at present. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang revised Robben greatly, annotated and printed it with 750,000 words, which became a 120 book that has been handed down to this day, and his teacher Jin Shengtan called it "the book of the first scholar". To understand the situation of the Three Kingdoms, apart from historical books, different versions of the literary masterpiece Romance of the Three Kingdoms are the best choice. Since its birth, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has won the favor of bibliophiles and engravers in past dynasties, and has been warmly welcomed by ordinary readers with its magnificent momentum, grand scenes, touching stories and vivid descriptions of characters. Various versions handed down at present have formed a huge system. There are more than 30 versions in Ming dynasty and more than 70 versions in Qing dynasty, among which the complexity of origin is the highest in ancient novels. There are many versions of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is an important carrier to understand, study and spread the culture of the Three Kingdoms. Seventy years ago, Zheng Zhenduo published The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Evolution of Luo Guanzhong and His Works, and proposed that the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Jiajing Renwu was the earliest published Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and its author was Luo Guanzhong. This statement has been going on for many years. 1995, scholar Zhang found Lin's version of the Three Kingdoms in the National Library. Although this edition was included in China Popular Fiction Bibliography by Mr. Sun, it never attracted the attention of researchers. Mr. Zhang compared the Biography of the Three Kingdoms published by Lin with the Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by Jiajing Renwu, and thought that the Jiajing engraving published in Fujian was at least 20 years earlier than the Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by Jiajing Renwu, and was considered by some scholars as the original edition and various versions earlier than other biographies of the Three Kingdoms in the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, Mr. Zhang's conclusion questioned whether the author was Luo Guanzhong. In fact, in the huge version system of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the first edition of Jiajing (commonly known as Robben) and the revised edition of Maureen and Mao Zonggang (namely Mao Ben) have the greatest influence. After the founding of New China, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by various publishing houses followed these two systems. According to the researcher's investigation, among the existing versions of the Ming Dynasty, the most existing versions are the Biography of the Three Kingdoms from Wanli to Apocalypse, which is called "popular version" internationally. According to the comparison, the researchers think that although these versions are later than the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by Jia Jing Renwu, their ancestors carved them earlier than that published by Jia Jing Renwu, which means that the biography of the Three Kingdoms, which has been circulated in the world, should be earlier than that published by Jia Jing Renwu. Some researchers also believe that Luo Guanzhong began to write Biography of the Three Kingdoms 40 years after the version of the Three Kingdoms Pinghua appeared, and then other versions of the Three Kingdoms Pinghua were all based on Luo Zhu. Therefore, it can be concluded that the version of The Story of the Three Kingdoms is earlier than the biography. The popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms was produced on the basis of various biographies. In recent years, some foreign scholars who have studied the Romance of the Three Kingdoms have made great achievements. It is worth noting that Andrew West, a British scholar, has made a detailed study of the existing versions of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, including 26 different non-critical versions, including the residual pages in the Shanghai Library that were thought to have been published earlier than other versions, and the Biography of The Three Kingdoms in the Twenty-seventh Year of Jiajing in Ye Fengchun in the Eiskola Abbey Library, Spain, with the title of New Popular Romance of The Three Kingdoms. Wei An believes that the original Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty has evolved into various existing versions of the same ancestor: Yuan Zuben. Its text is 10, with a total of one song at the beginning. The ancestor after Yuan Dynasty was divided into AB ancestor and CD ancestor, which were published in the middle of Ming Dynasty respectively. In a word, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has many versions and complicated origins. Although various studies have achieved some results, there are still many problems to be clarified. At the same time, it also reflects the long and profound history and culture of China.