Pre-Qin literature
Ancient ballads and myths
1. Discussion on ancient ballads in Shangshu Yaodian, Shilu Chunqiu and Shi Mao Dawei;
Yao Dian: Poetry expresses aspiration, song is eternal, sound is eternal, and law is harmonious. Eight-tone harmony, no phase, harmony between man and nature. Hey: Yu! Give this ancient stone a blow and all animals will dance.
Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals: Ge Zhile Once upon a time, three people fucked the ox's tail and stepped on Song.
Preface to Mao's Poems: Emotion moves in the middle, and words express it. If words are not enough to express, I will lament. If the lyrics are not enough, I will sing forever. If words are not enough, I will dance with my hands and feet.
Second, the June 4th Poem, Yi La Ci and Zhouyi:
"Playing Music": Break bamboo, continue bamboo, fly soil, kill one by one.
"Wax Ci": The soil turns against its home, the water returns to its valley, the insects do nothing, and the vegetation returns to its ze!
Zhouyi Ben Ci: Ben Ru, Pan Ru, Bai Ma Han Ru, Bandit, Marriage.
Third, the essence of myth.
Myth is a story about God. The basic features are:
It is empty, and it is also empty.
It is an explanation and explanation of natural and social phenomena, and it is a deified real life.
It reflects the desire of early human beings to explain and conquer nature and society.
Only in ancient times.
Fourth, the difference between myth and legend:
Myth came into being before legend.
Myth is the prototype of legend, and legend is the social historization of myth.
Myth is obviously irrational, while legend contains the code of human behavior.
V the myth of the origin of labor and religion:
No matter how absurd this myth is, it is always related to work and life.
Primitive religion is out of awe of nature. When people change from worship to trying to explain and dominate nature, myths come into being.
Six, the basic characteristics of China myth:
Around the theme of human existence.
The characters are full of passionate fighting spirit, miraculous ability and heroism.
Strong emotion, vivid image and rich imagination.
Collective creation.
Seven, the influence of myth on later literature:
The artistic rules of myth pointed out the direction for later literature:
The theme of human existence became the mainstream of later literature.
The characteristics of emotion, image and imagination have influenced the development of later literature.
Myth stories have become the source of subject matter for the development of later literature.
The Book of Songs
There are 305 poems in The Book of Songs, which are divided into elegant poems and six-tone poems, not among them.
Poetry-picking theory, poetry-offering theory and poetry-deleting theory.
The theory of picking poems originated in the Han Dynasty and was found in Hanshu.
The theory of offering poems originated in the pre-Qin period and was found in Guoyu.
The theory of deleting poems comes from the Han dynasty and is found in historical records, which is not credible.
Third, the classification of The Book of Songs is divided into songs of songs according to different music.
Wind: local music.
Ya: Music near Gyeonggi.
Ode: Dance music used for ancestral temple sacrifice.
Fourthly, the role of The Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period.
Play and sing during sacrifices and feasts.
As a diplomatic expression.
Education.
The spread of verb (abbreviation of verb) The Book of Songs;
Qin was destroyed by fire, but because it was a music song, it was preserved in the memory of scholars.
There are four schools of thought in Han Dynasty: Lu, Qi, Han and Mao.
Scapharca subcrenata came out late, which is an ancient book in China and has not been established yet. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it flourished because of Zheng Xuan's annotation, while the other three clans all died, and Mao's poems were passed on alone.
Sixth, social and political poetry.
Poems of the lower classes attacking politics, such as Watching Rats, Sandalwood Cutting, and Gentlemen Serving.
Poems by officials expressing dissatisfaction, such as Beishan (complaining about uneven work and rest) and the first month (six In the snow, worrying about the movement of the Republic of China, referring to dark politics).
Poems that express the anguish and sadness of life include Peach (incomprehensible distress) and Su Parting (sighing the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty).
Poems praising the rulers, such as Gan Tang (in memory of Zhao Gong).
Seven, love poems.
There are two styles: rough and generous and gentle and elegant.
Poems such as General Zhong Zi illustrate the contradiction between love, ethics and public opinion.
Poems such as Meng and Gu Feng show the unequal marriage system between men and women at that time.
Eight, epic and others.
The five epics are:
Born: Hou Ji, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, was born and grew grains.
Gong Liu: The distant ancestor Gong Liu led his people to move to wasteland.
Mian: Zhou Wenwang's grandfather and father led his people to relocate and revitalize the country.
"Yi Di": Wang Taiqian, Wang Ji was transferred to the throne, cut secret, cut worship.
Daming: Wang Jisheng gave birth to Wang Wen, Wang Wensheng gave birth to Wu Wang and Wu Wang gave up business.
Epic features: not telling the whole history, but depicting specific events selectively. Write psychological feelings and cheerful scenes.
Farming poems.
Summary of July content: The whole poem consists of eight chapters, which are sung month by month, and describe the endless work of farmers all year round.
The artistic features of the novel "Ephedra" are: concise, repeated singing, and long-lasting sentiment.
Nine, the literary achievements of The Book of Songs
The unity of lyricism and realism is based on:
Emotional truth.
Express your feelings frankly.
This story is full of emotion.
Characteristics of form and language:
Repeat chapters and stacks.
Four words are dominant, and the changes are uneven.
The rhythm is clear, the rhyme is natural and flexible.
In terms of language, there are: rich vocabulary, remembering the names of mountains and rivers. Lian Mian's ci and reduplication.
Ten, fu, than, xing.
Chu Hsi
Fu: Tell the truth.
Compare: Compare one thing with another.
Xing: Say something else first and sing the lyrics.
Li:
Fu: Narrative uses expressions to feel everything.
Than: ask things to support feelings, and feelings are attached to things.
Xing: touching things to arouse feelings, things are emotional.
prose in the pre qin
Reasons for the Prosperity of hundred schools of thought's Historical Prose in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Economic reasons: innovations in ironware and initial tax mu. Agricultural development drives industrial and commercial development.
Political reasons: the decline of Zhou dynasty, the rise of princes, and the merger of dignitaries.
Cultural reasons: the aristocratic monopoly was broken and the culture moved down.
Therefore:
Some scholars put forward suggestions, contributed their own ideas, lobbied monarchs or called disciples to give lectures. A hundred schools of thought contend contributed to the prosperity of hundred schools of thought's prose.
Other scholars wrote historical works in the hope of providing political reference for rulers, which led to the prosperity of historical prose.
2. Shangshu is China's first collection of historical essays. The history of this article was handed down by Fu Sheng and later died. The ancient prose ministers are on the cave wall. Yizhoushu is regarded as the rest of Shangshu, which is a fake book. Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu.
Third, Zuo Zhuan.
It is generally believed that the author is Zuo Qiuming, but it is still controversial.
Literary features of Zuo Zhuan.
Literary tailoring and storyline of historical events.
The characters are vivid and three-dimensional.
The scene is vivid and the details are vivid.
Good at describing diplomatic rhetoric, rich in reason and beauty.
Fourth, "Mandarin"
Rural history. According to legend, the author is Zuo Qiuming, but it is not credible. Literary achievements are inferior to Zuo Zhuan.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Warring States policy
The author cannot be tested. Set for Liu Xiang.
Literary features:
Exaggerated, boastful, and arrogant.
Grasp each other's psychology, be persuasive and convince others by reasoning.
Describe the characters, the appearance is smiling.
Make good use of fables.
Sixth, the development trend of various schools of thought's prose:
From simple to complex, from sparse to dense, rationality and logic are constantly strengthened.
Seven, the main characteristics of Mencius article.
Eloquence.
Grasp each other's psychology and be persuasive.
Full of momentum, right and wrong are clear, and the other party is not given a chance to argue.
Be good at grasping typical examples and using metaphors and fables.
Eight, "Zhuangzi"
1, "Fables of Zhuangzi" refers to his book "Fables 19, Repetition 17", which depends on other people's words, but most of these other people's words in "Zhuangzi" are fictitious. Zhuangzi's fables, different from today's meaning, generally refer to stories with plots, metaphors and meanings. Even in today's sense, some scholars have done statistics. Zhuangzi fables 18 1 article, with an average of several hundred words, there is a fable. Therefore, it has formed a remarkable feature: integrating ideas into fables. Wen Yiduo said: "Reading Zhuangzi, you can't tell where the beauty of thought lies and where the beauty of literature lies." . All these indicate that the characteristic of Zhuangzi's fable is that of Zhuangzi.
2. The characteristics of the fable of Zhuangzi:
Imagine fantasy.
A wonderful portrayal of the characters.
Delicate and realistic description.
Humor and machine stabbing were born.
Nine. Xunzi and everything are wrong.
1, Xunzi's characteristics: longer than metaphor, less than fable.
2. Everything is wrong
Style: sharp, cold, thorough and rigorous.
Fable: popular and simple, story reasoning.
Qu Yuan and Chu Ci
The appearance of Chu ci.
The names "1" and "Chuci" appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. Liu Xiang sorted out ancient books and compiled the works of Qu Song and others, and named it "Songs of the South".
2. The difference between words and fu:
Stylistically speaking, the word "Xi" is used in Chu Ci. Sentence patterns vary in length.
Function words are rarely used in Fu, and the sentence patterns are neat.
In essence, Chuci is subjective. Lyric meaning.
Fu is objective. Lack of lyric.
The appearance of Chu ci.
Direct contact with Chu Sheng and Chu Ge.
It is closely related to the folk "witch songs" in Chu State.
Describe the scenery of Chu in Chu language.
The influence of northern culture.
The strategists describe the general trend of China's ci.
In a word, Chu Ci originated from the inherent cultural tradition of Chu State and was also influenced by the northern culture. It is a new poetic style with distinct regional characteristics, which was born in Chu State in the new period of cultural exchange between North and South.
Stylistic features of Chu Ci.
There are two styles of Chu Ci. One is similar to the Book of Songs, which has been revised. Four words, less empty talk. For example, Tian Wen and Ode to an Orange. This is not a typical posture.
The other is "Sao style". The characteristics of Sao style:
The poetic style is exaggerated and imaginative.
The length is greatly increased, and the sentence length is unlimited.
Use dialects and function words (Xi, some).
Second, the theme of Li Sao.
1, the ideal of "American politics" and deep patriotic feelings.
2. Perseverance and hatred.
Third, the artistic features of Li Sao.
Passion and imagination.
The image of the protagonist. Beautiful, pure, independent and unyielding.
The expansion of bi xing technique. Make it symbolic.
Structural language: grand text, free sentence patterns, scattered rhymes, questions and answers between subject and object, rich language.
Four, Nine Songs, Nine Chapters, Tian Wen and Evocation
1, Nine Songs is a sacrificial song, involving many ghosts and gods.
"Nine Chapters" is not written in one place.
2. "Nine Songs" personifies the gods, writing more about the lovesickness of the gods and the empty love between people and ghosts, forming a secluded, fresh and strange style.
3. The nine chapters are straightforward and straightforward.
4. Tian Wen raised more than 170 questions, which preserved many ancient myths and had great historical value.
5. The characteristics of evocation:
Precise structure.
Good at arranging.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Song Yu, etc.
1 and "Jiu Bian" are the names of music.
2. Nine Debates is Song Yu's sad life.
3. Comparison between Jiu Bian and Li Sao.