Political measures to consolidate and unify the state of Qin.

After the establishment of central and local political institutions and various systems, the Qin Dynasty also implemented a series of policies and measures to consolidate unity and strengthen centralization. This mainly includes the following points: First, transfer wealth and collect weapons to prevent the restoration of the forces of the six countries. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he was most worried about the restoration of the nobles in the six countries. In order to prevent the reappearance of feudal separatist regime, he moved 20,000 rich households from six countries10 to Xianyang, the capital, and some of them moved to Bashu, Nanyang, Sanchuan and Zhao Di, which made them leave their homeland and weakened their social foundation. Or placed under the direct supervision of the central government to avoid resistance. At the same time, it ordered the collection of weapons from all over the country, transported them to Xianyang for destruction, and cast 12 bronze statues, each with thousands of stones. These methods are used to prevent the people from rebelling with weapons and the old nobles of the six countries from rebelling. Second, "make the leader of Guizhou a real field", and confirm that private ownership of land and feudal private ownership of land are the basis of landlord class rule. After Qin unified the six countries, in the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang (2 16 BC), the decree of "making money the first land to be self-sufficient" was promulgated, and land registration was carried out nationwide, so that all landowners could declare the amount of land they occupied to the government, and the government levied land rent accordingly. This policy means that private land is protected by feudal regime, and also means that feudal land ownership is officially confirmed nationwide. This has a positive effect on promoting the development of private ownership of feudal land, but it also legalizes the land exploitation of farmers by the landlord class, and makes the land rent, taxes and all kinds of corvee exploitation suffered by farmers increasingly heavy. Third, "books are the same", "cars are on the same track", unified currency, weights and measures, and unified system. Before the Qin dynasty unified the six countries, the vassal States acted in their own ways, and the writing forms were extremely disordered. This has caused serious obstacles to the implementation of government decrees and cultural exchanges. Therefore, after the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang took the unification of writing as a top priority, and ordered Prime Minister Reese, secretariat Zhao Gao and official department minister Hu Wujing to sort out the writing. Li Si wrote Biography based on the characters of Qin State and referring to the characters of six countries. Cheng Miao arranged official script according to the simplified Chinese characters popular at that time. These two forms of writing are popularized all over the country. However, seal script is regarded as the standard script of Qin State, and the official documents of the emperor and the government are generally written in seal script, while unofficial documents are copied in official script. Qin Shihuang ordered the unification and simplification of Chinese characters, which was a major reform in the development of Chinese characters. It not only plays an important role in popularizing law and spreading culture, but also has an important influence on the development of Chinese characters. During the Warring States period, due to years of war and mutual prevention, various vassal states built many fortress gates in various places, and the roads between countries were also different in width, which seriously affected traffic and made centralized countries unable to control various places. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he ordered the demolition of these blockades and fortresses, and since the 27th year of Qin Shihuang (220 BC), three equatorial lines with Xianyang as the center have been built one after another: one runs eastward through Yanqi area; All the way south to Wu Chu; There is also a straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan, with a total length of 1800, which was built to strengthen the defense against the Huns. The driveway is 50 steps wide and the railing is 6 feet wide. Plant a tree every three feet along the road. In the middle is the imperial road of the emperor, which is clearly marked and ordinary people are not allowed to walk. In addition, a "Wuchi Road" was built in today's Yunnan and Guizhou, and a "new road" was also built between today's Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi. By removing fences and building chidao, a transportation network extending in all directions with Xianyang as the center has been formed, which has linked all parts of the country together, so that the areas south and west of the Great Wall of China today, except Qinghai and Xinjiang, have been included in this huge transportation network, which facilitates traffic exchanges and is conducive to promoting economic exchanges and development. During the Warring States period, there were also great differences in currencies and weights and measures among countries. The shapes, sizes and weights of currencies were different, and the units of calculation were extremely inconsistent, which made it very difficult to convert them. The weights and measures system is also quite chaotic. This is mainly because the vassal States made their own money and the standards of weights and measures were independent. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, the tortoise shell and the Baoyu genus of the six countries were destroyed, and the unified currency was upper currency and lower currency, which spread all over the country. The currency is gold, with Yi (Yi Yin million) as the unit, and 22 ounces of Qin system is one ounce; The next coin is a copper coin with a round square hole, and the unit is half two. In addition, Qin Shihuang also used the weights and measures system and the weights and measures formulated during Shang Yang's political reform as standard devices, which were popularized throughout the country. It greatly facilitates the nationwide commodity exchange and economic exchange, and promotes the development of a unified country. Fourth, Qin Shihuang burned books and buried Confucianism, and it was not smooth sailing to strengthen political and economic reform. At the beginning of reunification, there was a debate about whether to enfeoffment the philosophers as kings. A group of officials headed by Prime Minister Wang Wan asked Qin Shihuang to enfeoffment their sons to Yan, Qi and Chu, who were soon occupied. It is believed that this will help to consolidate the rule of Qin. However, Ting Wei and Li Si insisted on opposing it. It is believed that the feud between princes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was entirely the result of the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Only by abolishing the enfeoffment system can disaster be avoided. Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's opinion that "founding the country" means "building enemy soldiers". So the county system was established throughout the country. Eight years later, in the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor (2 13 BC), at the court banquet held by Qin Shihuang in Xianyang Palace, there was another argument that "the past should not be forgotten, and the future should be a teacher". This is why the book was burned. At the banquet, the servant shot Zhou to meet Qin Shihuang and boasted that he was "not as good as your majesty Wade since ancient times". In response to Zhou's last words, Dr. Chun put forward the idea of restoring the enfeoffment system. He said, "It is said that the King of Yin and Zhou is over 1,000 years old. He has made contributions to his descendants and used them for his own use. Now, although your majesty has a family, his children are ordinary people, and his soldiers are ministers of Tian Chang and Liu Qing. How can he save you without help? No one listens to those who can not learn from the past for a long time. I am ashamed of your majesty's mistake, and I am not a loyal minister. " After Qin Shihuang listened quietly, he handed Chun Yuyue's suggestion to ministers for discussion. Prime Minister Reese made it clear that he disagreed with Chun Yuyue's point of view. He retorted: "There is no way to fight for three generations." Confucian scholars "learn from the past but not from the present" and "learn from the past and harm the present". If they are not banned, the main trend will fall, the party will succeed, and unity may be destroyed. In order to erect a statue in black and white and establish the absolute authority of monarchical power, he put forward three suggestions to Qin Shihuang, and burned the ancient books: (1) Except Ji Qin, medical skills, divination, agricultural classics, philosophers and other historical ancient books, all the others were handed over to the government for destruction within a time limit. Those who fail to pay after 30 days are sentenced to whale punishment and hard labor for four years; (2) Those who talk about "poetry" and "books" are put to death, those who are ancient but not today are extinct, and those who are not mentioned by officials are guilty of the same crime; (3) Those who are willing to learn Dharma "take officials as teachers". Qin Shihuang approved Li Si's suggestion. The day after the banquet, books were burned all over the country. In less than 30 days, China's pre-Qin classical literature was reduced to ashes. There is only one set of books left in the royal library. In the second year of burning books, there was another incident of cheating Confucianism. Pit Confucianism is not a direct continuation of burning books, but caused by some alchemists and Confucian scholars slandering Qin Shihuang. After Qin Shihuang seized power and enjoyed wealth, he was very afraid of death. After the reunification of China, he whimsically searched for the elixir of life. The alchemist Hou Sheng, Lu Sheng and others catered to their needs and promised to find this medicine for Qin Shihuang. According to the Qin law, if a lie cannot be realized, or the medicine provided is invalid, it will be sentenced to death. Knowing that they couldn't get the elixir, Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng not only ran away, but also slandered Qin Shihuang as "headstrong" and "full-time warder". No matter how big or small it is, he decides by himself, and he is greedy for power and so on. After hearing this, Qin Shihuang was furious and ordered the investigation on the charge of "spreading evil words", and personally delineated more than 460 people buried alive in Xianyang. This is the so-called "cheating on Confucianism" in history. Burning books and burying Confucianism is an extremely cruel event in the history of China. The purpose of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty was to crack down on the resurgent old aristocratic political thoughts and strengthen ideological rule. But the consequences are extremely serious and far-reaching: first, a large number of pre-Qin documents and ancient books were burned, which caused great losses to China culture; Second, the spirit of free thinking, which has been vigorously developed since the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, has been dealt a fatal blow. Finally, it ended with "selling bamboo silk for nothing, closing the river and locking the ancestral home" (Tang Zhangqi's poem "Burning Book Pit").