Because of their love for lotus, people have given many poetic names to lotus according to its appearance, growth habit and holy and elegant temperament. At the same time, there are many beautiful and moving legends circulating among the people.
First, the correct name: lotus, lotus (lotus is also used in the current literature)
2. Alias: Ahua (The Book of Songs Zheng Feng), Fu Fu (Er Ya Cao Shi), Furong (Li Sao), Furong (Han Shu's Zi Xu Fu), Zhu Hua (Cao Wei Shi E), Zezhi (Notes on Ancient and Modern Times) and Shuizhi (The Classic of Materia Medica). Yunshui, Shuidan (Fang Qunpu), June Spring (Collection of Lei Axian), Jing Ke, Jing You (more than three pens), Yuhuan (Lock the Eyes in Beimeng), Cao Furong (Essays on Flower Picking), Shuifurong, Han Han, etc.
Proper nouns of organs of lotus: stem eggplant, its leaves, its roots and its flowers are actually lotus, its roots and lotus seeds. It means: the petiole and flower stalk of lotus are called eggplant, the lotus leaf is called clam, the rhizome of underground lotus root is called clam, the bud and flower are called lotus, the receptacle is called lotus root, the underground lotus root is still called lotus root, and the seed kernel is called cotyledon.
Four. Origin of the name: In the Three Kingdoms period, Lu Ji explained "Fu Fu" in "Plants, Birds, Animals, Insects and Fish Sparse": "Anyone who can be a husband or a canal is named Fu Fu Fu." It means that the lotus in a lake or canal with an area of 100 mu is called "lotus". Lu Songdian's Ya Ya called the origin of lotus: "Lotus, flowers, leaves and so on. It all makes sense. I don't know, it's called lotus. " That is to say, all organs have their own names, but they don't know what they are called, so they add the word "he" to the cursive head to indicate the load. After the Song Dynasty, books used "lotus" more than "lotus". Erya clearly defined "lotus", which means lotus. However, Guo Pu's "Er Ya Zhu" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty put forward: "Northerners should use lotus root as well as lotus." Since then, lotus and hibiscus have gradually been renamed lotus or lotus, and lotus is a synonym, which has been mixed until now. As for adding lotus after lotus, adding lotus after lotus conforms to the language habit of China people and was added later.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) An overview of Dutch names
(a) the name of the lotus.
1. is named after its appearance.
Lotus: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica explains: "Lotus stems carry leaves and leaves carry flowers, hence the name."
Hibiscus: Also known as Hibiscus. The Chinese dictionary Erya explains: "Lotus contains Pupu." Another book, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, said, "It's not lotus, it's hibiscus." Li Shizhen also said that the hibiscus flower means "to dress up brilliantly", so it is no wonder that Sima Xiangru, a writer in the Han Dynasty, compared his wife Zhuo Wenjun to the hibiscus flower of water.
2. Named after its growth habits.
Shuizhi, Huashui, Yunshui, Shuidan, Shui Mu and Zezhi: Because lotus is a perennial aquatic plant, the ancients classified it as an aquatic plant, and most of them started with the word "water". Cao Zhi, a litterateur of the Three Kingdoms, praised "a hundred flowers blossom, and there is no flower soul" in the Lotus Fu, and compared the lotus to Ganoderma lucidum in the water.
3. Named after the holy and elegant temperament of lotus.
Junzihua, Ling Boxian, Shuigongxian, Yuhuan, etc. According to the Records of North Dream, Tang Chaoyuan and Su Changyuan lived in Wuzhong (now Suzhou) during the period (806-820), and met a pink-faced girl from plain clothes and gave him a jade ring. Soon, he found a lotus flower in the pool of his yard, and there was also a jade ring in the pistil, but it was "absolutely broken" and later generations called it the jade ring.
(2) Alias of lotus root
Jade Festival: Lotus root is the underground stem of lotus, white as jade, with knots, hence the name.
Yu Linglong: Lotus root is as white as a wrist, hence the name.
Jade arm dragon: According to legend, Cui Yuanjia, a famous house in the late Tang Dynasty, is located in the south of Chang 'an, with a wedge pool inside. Dig out a giant lotus root from the pool, which looks like a dragon, hence the name Jade Arm Dragon, also known as Wedge Treasure.
(3) Lotus seed alias
Jade pupa: Lotus seeds are as white as jade and look like insect pupa. In the poem "Lotus Seed" written by an anonymous person in ancient times, it said: "It is not the honey in the lotus nest that makes the jade pupa not a bee." Therefore, lotus seeds have another name of white jade pupa.
Lake orders: Lotus seeds are named after being born in the lake and shaped like eyes. Pi Rixiu's poem "Xia Jingchong": "The rooftop is rejuvenated for thousands of years, and the lake is full of fragrance." Su Shi also mentioned in the poem "Recalling Jiangnan to Send Pure Ru": "The lake light is also worth seeing, and the wooden slaves are suitable for themselves.
Six, the legend of the lotus:
Lotus girl
Lotus is the incarnation of Yuji, the most beautiful maid around the Queen Mother. Because Yuji envies the hard life of couples, men plowing and women weaving, and feels the emptiness and loneliness of living in the Heavenly Palace. Accompanied by Feng Laini, the daughter of the river god, she secretly opened the Nantianmen and flew to Hangzhou West Lake. Seeing the mirror-like lake reflecting the white clouds in the sky and the green hills on the ground, the two immortals jumped into the beautiful lake to take a bath. Who knows it's almost dawn? Whenever Lenny asks Yusuke to hurry back to the Heavenly Palace, Yusuke is unwilling to give up this beautiful world. The queen mother became angry from embarrassment when she found out. She picked up the lotus throne and threw Yuji into the lake. She also cursed savagely: "If you want to get rid of dust and get rid of vulgarity, I will drive you into the mud, and I will never go to the south again." From then on, the white fairy turned into a beautiful lotus flower.
The origin of hibiscus flower name
In ancient times, there was a woman whose husband died in the water. She sat by the water's edge day and night, staring at the water, expecting her husband's soul to return. One day, her husband's smile appeared in the reflection of the flower tree on the shore in the water. She believes that this flower tree is entrusted by her husband's soul, so she keeps company with it every day. People call this wild flower tree "Hibiscus". Later, literati wrote "hibiscus" for the beauty of glyph.
Furongping
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a man named Cui Shiying in Zhou Zhen, whose family was well-off and rich in calligraphy and painting. He went to Yongjia, Zhejiang as the county captain and took his beloved wife Wang to his post. After arriving in Suzhou, the boatman made a fortune, threw Cui into the water at night, killed his slave and left Wang Yu as his wife. The king pretended to allow it, escaped through a loophole, ran into buddhist nun and died in front of the Buddha. A year later, someone bought a hibiscus painting from the street and gave it to buddhist nun. The king saw it and knew it was her husband's handwriting, so he wrote a poem "Linjiang Fairy" on the painting:
Today's romantic Zhang Chang pen, sketch is not a few yellow! Lotus draws the freshest beauty, but it is afraid of enchanting, which is a matter of life and death. The pastel painting is bleak and illusory, but who is left today? Su Ping and Gu Chan are lonely together, and this life is broken. I hope to have a second life.
The imperial envoy Gao Nalin retired to Suzhou and admired calligraphy and painting. Guo, his former department, bought this lotus screen from buddhist nun and gave it to him.
Cui Shiying has been a good swimmer since childhood. She drowned and lived on the streets, selling paintings for a living. The imperial envoy saw his talent and asked him to teach his grandchildren calligraphy. One day, Cui saw the lotus screen and couldn't help crying. Check it out, catch the thief, arrange it, and let the couple get back together. Lu Zhongchang, a gifted scholar in Houzhen Prefecture, wrote "Song of the Lotus Screen" to remind the world. Song Yue:
Painting hibiscus, I endure the screen, and the blood and tears between the screens are as red as flowers.
Leaves and shoots are withered, and broken ink is scattered.
Walking towards the water, running through life and death, I am alone, wandering.
In the spring, the soul has not returned, and it is covered with autumn frost. ...
Hibiscus has a good heart, and Hibiscus should not be abandoned.
Thanks to the reunion of Bao Yue, we love each other and don't donate money.
Whoever laughs at my hibiscus article, human couples should not turn against each other.
You see, it's pathetic to attract hibiscus.
Lotus lady
A long time ago, a deer got pregnant and gave birth to a very beautiful girl because she ate the urine of a fairy. The fairy brought up the girl, and she would be more beautiful and moving. Wherever she goes, beautiful lotus flowers will grow. Later, the fairy married her to King Utiyan and was called "Mrs. Lian". She was favored by King Utiyan and gave birth to 500 princes. However, she was envied and hated by the first lady, who slandered and framed Mrs. Lian in front of King Utiyan. Mrs. Lian was expelled from the court and 500 princes were thrown into the river. When dying and drowning, fortunately, 500 princes were rescued by Sadanpu Wang Yiyi and received careful education. Over time, 500 princes were trained to be powerful Hercules. King Sadanpu led 500 Hercules to attack King Utiyan. King Utiyan was too scared to send troops to resist, so he went to consult the immortal. The fairy told him that the 500 Hercules was your son with Mrs. Lotus. As long as you use Mrs. Lian and let her go back to the palace to help you handle state affairs, the 500 princes will naturally calm down and obey Mrs. Lian and you. This is a fairy tale of Indian people praising lotus, persuading people to be kind and advocating peace and love.
Legend of ice love
According to ancient records, there was a young couple in Daming House who made a vow to grow old together. Because there is too much resistance at home, it is difficult to achieve good things, so we hug each other and are biased. Later, the lotus in the pond was in full bloom, covered with red and green, and the water was fragrant. All the flowers are lotus flowers, and people think that it is the spiritual transformation of young couples. Since then, Bing Xu's love has become a symbol of faithful love, which is praised by people.
Fan Chengda's poem about the double lotus says: "The soul of the pavilion baby is scattered in blue clouds, and turned into a double lotus to show deep hatred. A thousand years, I can't get what I want, a hollow branch. The pool light column leans against the oblique light and the wine is drunk. " But Xu Yuanyang bathed each other so as not to disturb the emerald.
Bing Xu's love and Bing Xu's love are different and easy to be confused. Ice lotus is a flower with two flower hearts, and it is a metamorphosis of the front petal lotus. The head lotus is two pedicels, with two flowers on the stem, which can give birth to two lotus root buds. It is common in lotus root swings.
You can go to Lin Ting Park in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province to watch Frozen Love. It blooms from July to August every year. A Hua Shuang has more than 1000 petals. Some people call it a thousand petals lotus. Gu Zhongying, a poet, is a rich man in Jiangnan. He contributed money to help Zhu Yuanzhang destroy the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang gave him the ice lotus brought back by the monk from India. There is an ancient crossing in Song Dynasty in Zhengyi Town, Kunshan. There are two pavilions, east and west, so Gu Zhongying planted a lotus on one side of the pavilion. It, Yangzhou Qionghua and Yancheng Biancang Jiaoguzhi Peony are also called the three wonderful flowers in Jiangsu.
Section II Varieties and Characteristics of Lotus
Lotus is an ancient plant and one of the earliest species of angiosperms. It has lived on the earth for10.35 billion years with its unique habits. How it survived the disasters that happened on the earth again and again is still an unsolved mystery in the scientific community.
First, the history of the lotus:
The scientific name of lotus is lotus, which belongs to the genus Nelumbo of Nymphaeaceae.
Lotus root It is one of the earliest species of angiosperms. According to the fossils studied by paleobotanists, lotus plants were distributed in many waters in the northern hemisphere10.35 billion years ago. At that time, in the late period of the rapid decline of the giant reptile dinosaur, its growth time on the earth was much earlier than the appearance of human ancestors (2 million years ago). According to Paleobotany (1965) by A.H. Christophevich of the former Soviet Union, lotus fossils have been found in Cretaceous strata in the Arctic of North America and amur river Basin of Asia (i.e. Heilongjiang), as well as Oligocene and Miocene strata in Europe and East Asia (Sakhalin Island) and Japan. At that time, the temperature on the earth was warmer than it is now. There were about 10~ 12 species of lotus plants distributed in five continents. With the advent of the post-glacial period, the global temperature dropped, making many plants extinct, while others were forced to drift away, completely breaking the original geographical distribution. Because of this disaster, two varieties of lotus survived, and their distribution range narrowed. Chinese lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is distributed in Asia and northern Oceania, and N.lutea drifts to North America. Paleobotanists also pointed out that the lotus fossils from Pleistocene to Holocene (2 million years ago) excavated in Hokkaido and Kyoto are similar to modern China lotus; The lotus leaf fossils unearthed in Qaidam Basin, China, 6.5438+million years ago are similar to modern China lotus. In 1970s, China Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Planning, Ministry of Petrochemical Industry and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences recorded in the book "Early Tertiary Sporopollen in Coastal Areas of Bohai Sea" that two kinds of lotus pollen fossils were found in Panshan, Liaoning, Beidagang, Tianjin, Kenli, Guangrao, Shandong and Cangzhou, Hebei. Fossils of the genus Nelumbo were also found in the strata of Changchang Basin in Qiongshan, Hainan Island, China, in the Tertiary tropical phytogeographical region. At present, the original wild lotus is still distributed in lakes and swamps in Fuyuan, Hulin, Tongjiang and Shangzhi counties of Heilongjiang Province. The above shows that lotus is an ancient plant before the Ice Age, which belongs to the representative of relict plant, such as Paeonia suffruticosa, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron chinense in China, Sequoia sempervirens and so on. , not swallowed by the glaciers of the ice age and survived.
Introduction to Lotus:
Lotus, also known as lotus, lotus, water lily, hibiscus and lotus, is a perennial herb of Nymphaeaceae, which is native to tropical Asia and has the earliest cultivation history in China, Japan and India. There are more than 80 species of lotus in 8 genera. There are 4 genera 10 species in China. According to the use, it can be divided into lotus root, lotus seed and Hualien. According to the number of valves, it can be divided into single valve, semi-double valve and double valve. Single-petal and semi-double-petal lines are mostly purple lotus and lotus, and double-petal lines are mostly Hualien. Lotus has no obvious taproot, and its rhizome tuber-lotus root-is big and knotty, with holes in it. Adventitious roots grow under nodes and are born in shallow mud; Petioles and pedicels are produced at nodes and protrude out of the water. Blue-green lotus leaf with waxy white powder outside, dense fluff on the surface, dense thorns on the petiole, and solitary flowers at the top of the pedicel. Lotus flowers bloom every summer, with green leaves and red flowers in clear water. It is elegant, pure and beautiful, which can be appreciated by people and beautify the environment. Lotus root is a treasure all over the body: lotus root is edible and made into lotus root powder; Lotus seeds are nourishing food; Nodes of lotus root, lotus seeds, roots, leaves, flowers and lotus roots can all be used as medicine.
Lotus and religious culture
The Relationship between Lotus and Buddhism
When people walked into the temple, they looked up and saw a statue of Sakyamuni, wearing a shoulder-length gown and making a statement, sitting on the lotus platform. According to Buddhist scriptures, this is a gesture that Buddha Sakyamuni preached to believers after becoming a Buddha. Amitabha, known as the head of the "Three Sages of the West", is also sitting on the lotus platform, with his hands on his feet and a lotus platform in his palm, which seems to guide all beings to the pure land of the Western Buddhist country. Guanyin, who is famous for her kindness and compassion, is dressed in white, sitting on the Bai Lianhua, holding a pure bottle in one hand and clinging to a Bai Lianhua in the other, as if to show Guanyin's pure bodhisattva heart, and fully guide the believers to leave the world and reach the pure land of Buddhism where lotus flowers are in full bloom.
When people read Buddhist scriptures, they often see that the Buddhist scriptures refer to the Buddhist country as the lotus boundary, the temple as the lotus room, the monk's cassock as the lotus dress, the monk's handprint as the lotus fight, and the "rosary" used by the monk is also made of lotus seeds. Buddhist scriptures say that it is better to use lotus seeds as rosary beads than locust beads. If you pinch it again, you will get a thousand times the blessing.
To sum up, lotus has formed an indissoluble bond with Buddhism and has become a symbol and sacred flower of Buddhism.
Lotus and poetry culture;
Due to the different moods, interests and aesthetic angles of poets, poems about lotus have various forms and different verve. Qu Yuan once fantasized in Li Sao: "Make lotus hair as clothes and pick hibiscus as clothes." Used to show their loyalty. Li Bai expressed his love with lotus flowers in "Folding Lotus Gifts". Wang Bo, one of the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty", once compared people with lotus flowers: "Holding flowers * * * and connecting stems, folding lotus roots and loving lotus lines." It means the lotus root is broken. In the Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" is a metaphor for the lotus, praising the quality of a gentleman, which has been praised throughout the ages. In the Qing Dynasty, Wan was proud of Bai Lianhua's lay man, and even changed his birthday to the legendary lotus birthday-June 24th of the lunar calendar, and wrote a poem: "Mud never touches clear water, and I live with the lotus." The poet was moved by the beautiful lotus and fell in love with the crisp lotus leaf. Zheng's Ode to the Lotus Leaf praised: "The lotus is red on the top and white on the bottom." What a precious dedication this is. Yang Wanli's poem "Lotus Root" wrote: "It's really rough to look at the outside, and Xu Linglong is carved in the chest." Meng Jiao's poem in the Tang Dynasty said: "My heart is full of silk, although it is still broken." Later, "broken contact" became an idiom. There is a long tradition of picking lotus in the south of China, so there are many poems praising lotus picking.
Lotus and Food Culture
Lotus flower has the functions of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, removing summer heat and toxic materials, treating traumatic injury, expelling wind and removing dampness, and treating wet sores and scabies. Lotus beard can be used to treat hematemesis, nosebleed, metrorrhagia, bloody stool, asthenic heat, boredom, thirst, constipation and bleeding. Lian Fang can promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, and treat metrorrhagia, hemorrhage, abdominal pain, bloody dysentery and drowning. Lotus leaf is edible and has certain medicinal value. Using fresh lotus leaves to cook porridge or make tea can also prevent heatstroke. Lotus leaf tastes bitter and flat. It can quench thirst, clear summer heat, and treat postpartum dry mouth and heart and lung irritability. It can also be used for treating abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and postpartum retained placenta. Lotus seed, also known as lotus root, was thought by the ancients to cure all diseases if taken regularly, because it "enjoys rich fragrance, gains the taste of crops and is the fruit of the spleen". Has the effects of invigorating spleen, relieving diarrhea, tonifying kidney, arresting ejaculation, nourishing heart, calming nerves, and stopping leukorrhagia. Mainly used for chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, nocturnal emission, palpitation and insomnia, frequent urination due to kidney deficiency, hemoptysis, metrorrhagia, and irregular menstruation.
In this way, Lian can be covered with treasures!