Type
English: [parenthese,curve;bracket (square bracket,angle bracket);brace]
Brackets are mainly divided into four categories, including braces (or "braces") "{ }", square brackets "[ ]", small brackets "( )" and the less commonly used brackets "─".
In addition, there are hexagonal brackets "[]", angle brackets "<>" and square brackets "".
The origin of brackets
The "Fan Rules" of "Jiangsu New Alphabet" published in Japan in 1906 by Zhu Wenxiong called brackets "Kuo Gong" and said "Kuo Gong ()" Note". Lu Xun also mentioned "brackets" in his "Collection of Foreign Novels: Brief Examples" in 1909.
The 1919 "Proposal for the Promulgation of New Punctuation Marks" determined two types of brackets: () and [], which are called "included marks". They have examples but no explanation. Relevant government documents in 1930 and 1933 were renamed "brackets".
The 1951 "Usage of Punctuation Marks" named "parentheses". The "Usage of Punctuation Marks" promulgated by the government three times since 1951 states that the commonly used form of brackets is round brackets (), in addition to square brackets [ ], hexagonal brackets [ ], curly brackets { }, square brackets and diagonal brackets " " and "" and so on.
Spanish brackets were created by Italian humanist scholars and used as parentheses in sentences. They were first used in "On the Nobility of Law and Medicine" by Collutegio Salutati, the consul of the Florentine city-state in 1399. It appeared in the manuscript as "〉, and in the first half of the 15th century it developed into the paired angle brackets 〈〉 and round brackets. The Latin text of the Italian scholar Pietro Bembo was printed and published by Manutius in 1495 The book "The Adventure of Mount Etna" uses parentheses in many places. English parentheses (singular parenthesis, plural parentheses) appeared around 1500 and were one of the five punctuation marks mentioned in relevant books published at that time. The name comes from the Greek parentithenai, which means "to put inside", that is, "to insert". Inserted elements are usually separated from the text by brackets. In English, brackets are generally used to refer to brackets, specifically square brackets, and parentheses can also be used since 1580. They are called round brackets. The French names of three commonly used brackets appeared successively: parenthèse in 1620, crochets in 1723, and accolades in 1740. p>
Usage
Parentheses
1. Explain the previous words
There are many ways to explain, and you can solve any problem For example:
(1) Fish can only swim in the sea (i.e., water), and birds can only fly in the sky (i.e., the atmosphere) (Zhang Bingyuan's "Birds Fly and Fish Leap"). Lenovo")
(2) Sister Jiang's name is Jiang Zhuyun (yún) (primary school Chinese language "Sister Jiang")
(3) The opera indicates the number and expression (teeth sentence). Name, indicate the number of chapters in the novel ("Chinese Dictionary·Fanli")
(4) Wang Zhenggui, the head of Xinzhai Village, said that since the completion of the Nan-Kunming Railway, the The village's annual per capita income increased by 50%, reaching 1,200 yuan ("Reference News" 1998.7.25)
(5) He (General Lin) was chewing steamed buns, leaning on the beach and looking towards the dam. Go. (Ye Shengtao's "Ordinary Laborers" is a very good novel)
(6) "Sikuquanshu" was compiled in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign (1772), and ten years later , completed in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782) ("Collection of Ancient Books" by the Chinese Historical Document Research Association)
(7) According to "Historical Records·Biography of the Xiongnu", the Great Wall of Zhao State. It starts from Yudai (now in Xuanhua, Hebei Province) in the east, passes through the northwest of Shanxi, turns into Yinshan Mountain in the northwest, and ends at Gaoque (the gap between today's Wula Mountain and Langshan Mountain) (Jian Bozan's "Visiting Ancient Times in Inner Mongolia")
(8) On the basis of investigation and research, we drafted "Thoughts and Assumptions on the Compilation of Chinese Textbooks for Vocational High Schools" (hereinafter referred to as "Thoughts and Assumptions") (Publishing Instructions for "Chinese" for Vocational High Schools)
(9)Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is one of the most important regional economic cooperation forums in which my country actively participates. ("Guangming Daily" 1999.1.20)
Example (1) Use "i.e. water" and "i.e. atmosphere" to explain the meaning of "sea" and "sky" in the sentence. Example (2) Use the pinyin "yún" to annotate the pronunciation of the word "jun". Example (3) Use "chu" to annotate the traditional Chinese version of the character "啷语". Example (4) "Yin" means that the previous village name and village chief's name are transliterated. Example (5) "General Lin" explains who "he" refers to. Example (6) Use AD chronology to annotate emperor chronology. Example (7) Use modern place names to explain the location of ancient place names. Example (8) State the abbreviation of the title in parentheses. Example (9) Write the English abbreviation of "APEC" in brackets.
2. Supplementary explanations on relevant content
(1) The Wu (Han) and Guang (Zhou) section of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, which is under intense construction... has also made new progress. ("Guangming Daily" 1999.1.5)
(2) Yi Qiu is the best player in the country. Yi Qiu was the best Go player in the country (at that time). (Primary school Chinese language "Xueqi")
(3) The brain volume (450-650 ml) of Australopithecus apes is higher than that of ordinary fossil apes and modern great apes. (Li Siguang's "The Appearance of Humankind")
(4) In ancient times, this area was a place with "little vegetation and much sand" ("Hanshu Biography of the Xiongnu"). (Jian Bozan's "Visiting Ancient Times in Inner Mongolia")
(5) Ai Demei Dun (book) Ultimatum ("Chinese Loanword Dictionary" compiled by Liu Zhengyan and others)
(6) Qi Yangzhi ( Look at the watch) There are still two and a half minutes left.
(Qi Yangzhi asked Chen Yi to sit down.)
(Sha Yexin's "Mayor Chen Yi")
(7) We have the power to break this darkness and strive for To the light! Our light is the doom of the reactionaries! (Warm applause)
(Wen Yiduo's "The Last Lecture")
(8)... (redirected to page 23)
(Part 1) Continued from page 30)...
Example (1) The words in brackets complement the abbreviation of the previous place name. Example (2) Use parentheses to indicate that the word "at that time" was added in the translation and was not in the original text. Example (3) The supplement in brackets explains the brain size of Australopithecus apes. Example (4) State the source of the citation in parentheses. Example (5) indicates that the word "book" in brackets can be added to the previous heading. Example (6) The dialogue in the script prompts the characters’ action modalities in parentheses. Example (7) "Warm applause" is used as a parenthesis to express the audience's reaction to the speech. Example (8) The page number to which the article is transferred is stated in parentheses, and "(To be continued)" is added at the end of the article for serialized articles, etc. These are all supplementary explanations outside the main text.
3. Enclose the sequence of words
Use parentheses to enclose the sequence of words: (1) (2) (3), (A) (B) (C), There are many forms such as (1) (2) (3), 1) 2) 3), etc., usually used in pairs, sometimes only the back brackets are used. For example:
(1) Thought has three conditions: (1) Reason, (2) Psychology, (3) Ethics; speech also has three conditions: (1) Sound, (2) Sound sign - - Text, (3) Sound and sound connection relationship - Grammar. ("Chen Wangdao Chinese Literature Collection")
(2) Answer the following questions:
(1) Which of the following elements does beryllium belong to?
1) Halogen elements, 2) Alkali metal elements, 3) Inert elements, 4) Alkaline earth metal elements, 5) Rare earth elements.
(2) Among the following elements, which element’s gaseous hydride is acidic when dissolved in water?
1) S, 2) C, 3) Si, 4) N, 5) P. ("Chemistry Review and Problem Solving")
4. Mathematical usage
Brackets are symbols used to specify the order of operations.
The earliest parentheses were the parentheses "( )", which appeared in 1544. It was not until the 17th century that square brackets "[ ]" appeared in the works of British Wallis (1616─1703). As for brackets, they were first adopted by Veda (1540─1603) in 1591, while curly brackets "{ }" First introduced by Veda in about 1593, it was mainly used to represent a set of numbers. By 1629, Gerald of the Netherlands adopted all brackets, and they began to be used around the world after the 18th century.
With the deepening of mathematics learning, all brackets can be replaced with "( )", which looks convenient and can avoid the situation of too few bracket styles.
In elementary number theory, it is used to express the greatest common divisor, such as (111,148) = 37