Data: also known as data, is an identifiable symbol to record objective things.
Only through interpretation can data be meaningful and become information.
Information can be divided into strategic information, tactical information and operational information according to management levels. According to the application field, it can be divided into management information, social information and scientific and technological information. According to the form of reflection, it can be divided into digital information, image information and sound information.
The essence of information:
(1) fact
② Timeliness
③ Incomplete.
④ Gradability
I. Strategic dimension
ⅱ. Tactical level
Ⅲ. Operating level
⑤ Transformation
⑥ Value
The United Nations Economic Cooperation Organization divides knowledge into factual knowledge, principle knowledge, skill knowledge and interpersonal knowledge. The former two are explicit knowledge, while the latter two are tacit knowledge.
A system is a collection of several parts that interact in a certain environment and achieve the overall goal.
According to its constituent elements, systems can be divided into three categories: natural systems, artificial systems and composite systems.
Characteristics of the system:
Integrity, purpose, relevance, environmental adaptability, etc.
Logistics: it is the flow process of physical objects, the transportation of materials, and the products from raw material procurement, processing to sales are all forms of logistics.
Capital flow: refers to the process of capital flow accompanying logistics.
Transaction flow: the workflow of various management activities.
Information flow: flow with the above flow. It is not only the expression and description of other flows, but also the soft resource to master, command and control the operation of other flows.
Several information flows are connected and organized to serve the same control and management purposes, and a network of information flows is formed, which is called an information system.
Type of information system (by processing object):
Work information system:
Business processing system: the goal of business processing system is to process a large amount of information quickly, timely and correctly, and improve the efficiency and level of management.
Process control system: The process control system mainly uses computers to control the ongoing production process.
Office automation system: support some office business activities with advanced technology and automated office equipment.
Management information system:
Management information system (MIS) is a system that combines human and computer to comprehensively manage the information of an organization (unit, enterprise or department). It comprehensively uses computer technology, information technology, management technology and decision-making technology, and combines modern management ideas, methods and means to assist managers in management and decision-making.
Electronic data processing system (data-oriented)? EDPS is also called transaction processing system? It mainly collects data, or it can be simply processed to provide raw data for other systems in the enterprise.
Management information system? MIS (MIS collects data through TPS) (management-oriented) mainly serves the application of middle-level managers, relying on the original data provided by the transaction processing layer, and mainly reports the internal event information of enterprises.
Decision-oriented:
decision support system
? Objective: To assist managers in making decisions, support managers' judgments and improve the effectiveness of managers' decisions. (Note: Auxiliary rather than substitute)
+artificial intelligence? → Intelligent decision support system?
+Computer network technology? → Group Decision Support System
Changes in contemporary management environment;
Emerging information technology
① Internet and Internet of Things provide data sources for decision-making.
② Use data analysis technology to mine data, and show the analysis results to decision makers in a visual way to help them make decisions.
③ Cloud computing provides a service model for organizations to manage and analyze data by relying on external resources.
④ Mobile computing provides a more convenient and universal way to obtain resources.
Big data 4V
① ① The volume data scale has increased sharply.
② Variety data diversity
③ Low ③ value density.
(4) the speed changes quickly.
economic globalization
Organization: Groups and relationships formed by people to achieve the same goal, such as enterprises and departments, all have certain forms and structures and perform specific functions.
The task of management: to achieve the enterprise's goals by effectively managing resources such as good people, money and things, and these resources need to be managed by reflecting the information of these resources.
Management functions: including planning, organizing, leading and controlling.
The relationship between information system and management;
Information system's support for planning function;
1. Support trial and error in the plan.
2. Support fast and accurate access to planning data.
3. The basis of supporting the plan-forecast
4. Support plan optimization
Planning function: set goals for the organization and its subordinate institutions, draw up action plans to achieve the goals, and make various plans, so that all work and activities are carried out around the predetermined goals, so as to achieve the expected results.
Information system's support for organizational functions;
1. The improvement of the communication system facilitates the transmission of instructions from superiors and subordinates.
2. The functions of various departments of the enterprise are integrated and cross each other.
3. Information exchange within the enterprise and with the external environment becomes very convenient.
Organizational functions: including people's organization and work organization, determining management levels, establishing organizations at all levels, staffing, defining responsibilities and authority, and defining the relationship, coordination principles and methods among all parts of the organization.
Information system support for leadership function? Data-driven decision? Ability to assist decision-making in real time; Knowledge mining and knowledge learning ability; Weakened the authority of managers.
Leadership function: guiding and influencing individuals and organizations to achieve their goals according to the plan, and the core is decision-making.
Information system's support for control function: we should always master the system monitoring information and necessary feedback information reflecting the management operation dynamics for regulation.
Control function: measure and correct the management business to ensure the implementation of the plan.