The Summer Palace, the royal garden in Beijing, is the imperial palace for the Qing emperors to handle government affairs and rest in summer. It is also the largest and best-preserved royal garden in the world. 196/kloc-0 On February 4th, the Summer Palace was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. 19981February 2, at the 22nd UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Kyoto, Japan, the Summer Palace, as the royal garden of China, was included in the World Cultural Heritage List with the registration number C880. There are three conclusions about the evaluation of the Summer Palace's entry into the world cultural heritage:
1. Beijing Summer Palace is an outstanding representative of China landscape architecture, which harmoniously combines artificial landscape with nature.
2. The Summer Palace is a concentrated expression of China's gardening thought and practice, which has played a key role in the development of the whole oriental garden art and culture.
The China Royal Garden, represented by the Summer Palace, is a powerful symbol of several major civilizations in the world.
It represents the highest achievement of ancient gardens in China.
Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, the predecessor of the Summer Palace, was built in the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), and it is the last one of the "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" built in the royal garden area in the northwest suburb of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty. Its completion has filled and enriched dozens of miles of landscapes from Changchun Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden to Yuquan Mountain Jingming Garden and Xiangshan Jingyi Garden in the suburbs of Beijing, and finally completed the construction of an unprecedented royal garden landscape group in the history of China, marking that the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty entered the most powerful peak after its establishment a hundred years ago.
Zhenshan Zhenshui is among the three mountains and five gardens, and Qingyi Garden is the only garden building with real water as the main landscape, which is planned in an overall way and built continuously, with large pavilions, promenades, long dikes, big islands and long bridges, and has high landscaping and ornamental value. Magnificent structure, colorful, resplendent, everywhere deliberately highlight the supreme royal demeanor. The Buddha Pavilion in Wanshou Mountain, the main buildings in the park and the scenic spots on the lake form several central axes, extending eastward to Yuanmingyuan and westward to Jingming Garden. After painstaking planning, they are designed to be roughly equal in spatial distance, and in plane layout, they are also the landscape composition centers of the three mountains and five gardens.
Qingyi Garden, which was destroyed at the same time as Yuanmingyuan, was visited by emperors Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng. According to the Qing Palace's Ju Zhu, Emperor Qianlong visited Qingyi Garden 132 times, leaving over 1500 poems praising Qingyi Garden, including "Where is the most romantic in Yanshan?" The Qingyi Garden and other gardens in the three mountains and five gardens in the suburbs of Beijing only existed completely for 100 years, and were all destroyed in the aggression war of the British and French allied forces in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). In the 12th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1886), Empress Dowager Cixi, who was in control of the actual political power in Qing Dynasty, misappropriated a large amount of funds such as naval funds and began to comprehensively restore Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, one of the three mountains and five gardens. In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), it was renamed the Summer Palace. At this time, the three mountains and five gardens have been burned for 28 years. It is only 23 years since the last feudal dynasty in China perished. The Summer Palace is the last time that China extended the feudal monarchy for thousands of years. It was the largest project and the largest construction site on the land of China a century ago. In the 20th year of Guangxu reign (1894), the Summer Palace project came to an end. When Empress Dowager Cixi, the owner of the garden, was preparing for her 60th birthday, Sun Yat-sen, the grave digger of the Qing Dynasty, established the first bourgeois revolutionary group in China-Xingzhonghui. In the stormy Qing Dynasty, the reconstruction project of the Summer Palace barely ended under the gunfire of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The naval yamen, which is responsible for supervising the construction of the Summer Palace, has left the world a magnificent royal garden-a kind of ancient gardens in China, which can never be built again. The Summer Palace, which has been completely preserved to this day, became the last royal garden built by feudal society in China in the last century.
Witnessing modern history, the Summer Palace is translated into Summer Palace from English, which is different from the Forbidden City Palace. Empress Dowager Cixi, the owner of the park, not only enjoys the summer vacation in the park, but also listens to politics in the park. This beautiful royal garden is actually the spokesman of the late Qing regime. From the 17th year of Guangxu (189 1 year) to the 34th year of Guangxu (1908) 17 years, many important historical events occurred in China's history, such as the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the Reform Movement of 1898, and/kloc. During this period, most of the important countermeasures formulated by the Qing government were decided by Cixi in the Summer Palace and transmitted or telegraphed from the Summer Palace. The appointment, removal and promotion of six ministers of the Qing government and officials from other provinces were also decided by Cixi in the Summer Palace. In the tall halls of Renshou Hall and Yulantang in the Summer Palace, Kang Youwei, Yuan Shikai and others have made speeches for the Reform Movement of 1898, and countless late Qing politicians have left footprints in the Summer Palace. The existing brick wall where Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned in Yulantang is a historical witness of that period. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Summer Palace was savagely destroyed by Eight-Nation Alliance. After the restoration in the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Cixi began to conduct foreign affairs activities in the garden, frequently summoning and entertaining ambassadors and wives of various countries and enjoying them in the garden. In October of the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), one month before Guangxu and Cixi were about to die, Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Cixi also received the Dalai Lama in the Summer Palace respectively. The scene at that time and the beautiful scenery of the Summer Palace were all painted by the painter on the murals in Luobuka, Tibet. 191/The revolution of1ended the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and the Summer Palace became a park in 1924.
Although it is made by people, it is endless.
The Summer Palace is divided into three areas, covering an area of 290. 13 hectares, of which the water area accounts for about three quarters. Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake constitute the main framework of the garden. All kinds of palaces, temples and scenic buildings with an area of 70,000 square meters are distributed in the landscape framework according to local conditions. They are magnificent and full of natural interest, which highly embodies the gardening principle of "man-made, but full of natural interest" in China gardens. There are more than 0/00 landscapes in the whole park/kloc, which are divided into three areas: palace, life and garden. Its large scale, exquisite architecture, pleasant scenery, natural elegance and magnificence combine to form a unique royal garden style.
The palace is located at the East Palace Gate, with Renshou Hall as the center. It is the main place for Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu to engage in internal affairs, diplomacy and political activities. The architectural pattern is regular, the volume is huge, and the furnishings are luxurious, which shows the majestic level of the royal palace. The blue-gray roof and the flower trees in the courtyard complement each other with the garden, revealing a simple and natural style. The living area is located between the imperial palace area and the garden scenic area, and mainly consists of three large courtyards, namely Leshou Hall, Yulantang Hall and Yiyuntang Hall, where Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor Guangxu and their queens live. This area is surrounded by mountains and lakes. All buildings are connected in series by verandas, with Tongde and Garden Theater in the east and a promenade in the west. The architectural layout and indoor furnishings are mostly in the right direction and symmetrical to reflect the grandeur and solemnity of the royal family. The "Shui Mu Qin Zi" pier in front of Cixi's bedroom is the gateway for Empress Dowager Cixi to enter and leave the Summer Palace by water. The stacked stones, rockeries, meaningful furnishings, flowers and trees in the courtyard are the ideal living environment pursued by China Royal Garden.
Garden scenic area accounts for 9/ 10 of the total park area, and consists of Qian Shan, Kunming Lake, Houshan and Houxi River. The front of Wanshou Mountain stretches gently, facing the vast water surface of Kunming Lake, and the scenery is open. After the peak turns around, a back stream at the foot of the mountain twists and turns, which is extremely quiet. Mid-levels of Qian Shan, centered on the Foge Pavilion, the rising buildings form a magnificent central axis group, with a momentum of pound Y! , highlighting the theme of the Royal Garden. The Buddha Pavilion has eight sides and three floors, with a height of 4 1 m.. There are eight long iron and wood columns in the pavilion, and the roof is made up of 84,654,38+072 glazed tiles. It is a treasure of ancient architectural technology in China. On the east side of the pavilion is a hidden wheel and a huge monument of "Kunming Lake in Wanshou Mountain"; On the west side, there are Wufang Pavilion and Baoyun Pavilion made of 207 tons of bronze, both of which are outstanding representatives of traditional architectural technology in China. There are also many pavilions and pavilions around, which can be boarded to overlook the scenery of Kunming Lake. Between lakes, mountains and mountains, the painted corridor connecting Qian Shan buildings is 728 meters long, with more than 4,000 painted pictures. It is the representative of the giant garden gallery in China. 1990, the promenade was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for its length and colorful paintings.
Kunming Lake, with one pool and three mountains, is naturally delicate and has the charm of Jiangnan scenery. The three big islands in the lake represent Sanxian Mountain in the East China Sea: Yingzhou, Penglai and Abbot. "Three Fairy Mountains on the Sea" is a unique theme of the royal garden. Among them, Nanhu Island leads to the east coast with a 17-hole bridge with a length of 1.50 meters, creating an extremely magnificent landscape in the water features of Kunming Lake. The west dike in the west of Kunming Lake was built after the famous Su Causeway in the Song Dynasty in Hangzhou West Lake. There are six bridges of different shapes on the embankment, and the scenery is inlaid with the western hills outside the park, forming a wonderful landscape picture. The undulating ridge of the western hills in Beijing is the real skyline to the west of the Summer Palace and an important part of the structural framework of the Summer Palace. The Summer Palace is considered as the best example of borrowing scenery among the existing ancient gardens in China. The middle of Wanshou Mountain is a Sino-Tibetan temple complex modeled after the famous ancient temple Sangyuan Temple in Tibet. Houhu Center is modeled after Jiangnan Waterfront Market Trading Street, and the East is modeled after Wuxi Private Garden, which is a humorous garden in the garden. The natural scenery from the western plateau of China to the water town in the south of the Yangtze River is highly harmoniously condensed in a landscape painting. Engineering archives have been preserved to this day.
The Summer Palace was completed by China's traditional planning and design procedures, traditional architectural forms, traditional building materials, traditional craft practices, traditional large-scale project management system and traditional craftsman spirit. It is worth noting that the existing archives of the Qing Dynasty completely retain the list of projects to build the Summer Palace. From the end of the 16th year of Guangxu (1890) to the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), the progress of the Summer Palace project was recorded every five days. It also reflects the details such as the name change of the building, the suspension of work in two seasons, the suspension of work before and after the Spring Festival, and the outsourcing project timber factory (construction manufacturer), all of which are clearly recorded. In addition to the project list, the archival materials also include specific information reflected in the write-off books, such as project appropriation, amount, source, building materials price, transportation expenses, daily wages of different types of work, etc. However, a large number of drawings and written materials about the "Style Lei" and "Calculation Room Height" families scattered in the First Historical Archives of China, the National Library of China and the libraries and reference rooms of various universities have fully reflected the planning and design procedures of the Summer Palace construction process and a large number of information about engineering survey figures. All this was concentrated in the period from the 12th year of Guangxu (1886) to the 20th year (the project list continued until the beginning of 1895) and nearly 10 years. The Summer Palace has 66,700 square meters of ancient buildings at that time, plus collapsed buildings demolished during the Republic of China and ancillary buildings outside the scenic spot. The total construction area is not less than 70,000 square meters, which is close to half of the 400-year-old construction area of the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties. 10, it is very rare to build a building of this scale in the history of ancient garden architecture in China. Museum-style royal garden
The Summer Palace has the reputation of "Museum-style Royal Garden". There are now more than 40,000 cultural relics in the park, all of which were used by the Empress of the Qing Dynasty. They are royal treasures handed down from generation to generation. The age of these cultural relics, from Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty, spanned more than 5,000 years of civilization history in China. Cultural relics include bronzes, jades, porcelain, woodwork, lacquerware, calligraphy and painting, ancient books, enamels, clocks and watches, bamboo wares, musical instruments, root carvings and miscellaneous items. It covers almost all categories of cultural relics handed down from ancient times in China, and there are many foreign cultural relics. Among them, there are more than 20,000 pieces listed as national first-,second-and third-class precious cultural relics, including Ding Bai, son of Guo Xuan, Three Sacrifices, and the long-axis Buddha statue of reeling. These royal collections handed down from ancient times are famous for their exquisite handicrafts, and at the same time, they also feature a large number of palace daily necessities in Qing Dynasty, especially handicrafts in the late Qing Dynasty, which are closely related to the life of the Empress Dowager. Cultural relics are superior in quality and quantity, and they are second to none in the royal gardens of China in terms of their concentration and integrity. Three-level protection from the inside out
The Summer Palace in the capital has been well protected. For a long time, it has been based on relevant national laws and regulations, based on sustainable development and sustainable utilization. On the premise of ensuring the integrity and safety of the mountain water system, three-level protection is implemented by borrowing the scenery outside the park, plant configuration, garden architecture and cultural relics display. The core area is within the garden wall, with the principle of protecting the original appearance of the royal garden landscape, protecting the overall layout, architecture, stone carving, ancient and famous trees, atmosphere, water quality, environment and the ground and collected cultural relics of the landscape system. Outside the garden wall, there is a secondary buffer zone. Only greening and fire exits are allowed, and the original buildings are not allowed to be arbitrarily added or modified to protect the important borrowing environment of the Summer Palace. The architectural form, volume and color in the third-level peripheral control zone must be coordinated with the cultural protection unit. The Beijing Municipal Government has formulated special laws and regulations to control the planning around the Summer Palace. After 1980s, with the approval of the national cultural relics department and under the guidance of experts' full argumentation, the Summer Palace completed the reconstruction projects of a number of sites, such as four continents, Zhou Su Street, Jingming Building and Danningtang, which not only made the garden more complete, but also deliberately preserved and passed on traditional crafts in the implementation process, and became the technical reserve of ancient garden buildings. At present, the maintenance of ancient garden buildings has basically entered a virtuous circle of regular maintenance, getting rid of the process of emergency overhaul, and the annual maintenance cost is about 10 million yuan. 1990 The dredging project of Kunming Lake in winter removed all the silt accumulated in the lake for 240 years, improved the water quality of Kunming Lake and maintained the best landscape water level and depth. After that, Wanshou Mountain was thoroughly managed and recorded, highlighting the replanting of landscape trees and changing the generation gap where ancient and famous trees have not been replenished for nearly 200 years. 1998 The underground cultural relics repository and Wenchang Academy Museum were built, which fundamentally improved the preservation and exhibition conditions of cultural relics in the park. Over the past ten years, under the guidance of the policy of "building the park by culture", the newly-built commercial facilities in the park have been gradually cleaned up, purifying the landscape environment. The pavilions in the garden are more brilliant, and the lakes and mountains are more beautiful.