Primary school (speaking linguistics is a bit big, and it may be better to translate it into Chinese philology from the perspective of subject classification), these two are mutually inferred, and one can be cited to understand the other two.
Form, sound and meaning are different from those in ancient times, and the six elements are deduced from each other. One of them can tell the other five. This concept has no fixed reference in ancient and modern times.
If the three generations are ancient, then the relative Han dynasty is today; Taking the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties as the past, the Tang and Song Dynasties as the present. When a holy man-made word (the word here is a broad concept, which actually includes words in a language), he is first meaningful, and then formulates a sound for this meaning (that is, he refers to it first, and then determines the signifier form for it). After forming the sound, he created a form.
Scholars study a word, learn its pronunciation according to its shape and learn its meaning through its pronunciation. Learning classics is nothing more important than knowing the meaning, and nothing is more accurate than knowing pronunciation.
The six books listed in Zhou Li refer to things, pictographs, sounds and meanings, all of which are about physics.
Switch and borrowing are two ways to control the form, which are about sound and meaning. Three generations of primary school works have not been circulated. At present, Shuowen is the first preserved word book (formal works), followed by Discourse.
Guang Yun is the first rhyme book, followed by Ji Yun. Dictionaries (books that explain the meaning of words) are led by Er Ya, followed by Dialect, Ming Shi and Guang Ya.
Erya, Dialect, Mingshi and Guangya all talk about lent items. Meaning is subordinate to form, which is a diversion (Duan Yucai thinks that the so-called "building a class and being synonymous with each other" means training each other with the same radical word); Meaning is subordinate to sound, which is called borrowing (because borrowing occurs because sounds are similar).
Source:
The original book is Guang Shu Ya Zheng written by Wang Niansun in the sixty years of Qianlong. Guangya Shuzheng is a book that systematically sorts out and expounds Guangya.
As a matter of fact, Guangya Shuzheng is Wang Niansun's masterpiece that borrowed the knowledge of phonology, writing and exegetics from Guangya, and it is also an important primary school book with high achievements in the history of linguistics in Qing Dynasty.
After that, it was prefaced by Duan Yucai, an exegetist and Confucian scholar in Qing Dynasty.
Extended data:
Duan Yucai s Achievements in Document Arrangement;
Duan Yucai not only made immortal achievements in the practice of sorting out documents, but also summed up his own practical experience and put forward many outstanding opinions, such as "changing words", correcting mistakes, distinguishing the right and wrong of authors and notebooks, etc. It has been praised by scholars so far.
On the issue of "changing words", generally speaking, he advocates "being brave in changing words", thinking that if you change words, you will change them, but if you know your mistakes, you will leave consequences. However, he also opposes reckless change, because reckless change and reckless change will cause worse or even irreparable consequences.
Bitterness and harvest are thought-provoking! Duan Yucai's school books are not superstitious about ancient books, and advocate relying on their own knowledge to make good judgments. He analyzed that the Confucian classics "Shu" and "Jing Zhu" were originally the dividing line, and the "Jing Zhu" and "Shu Master" kept by each family were different, and many people were at loggerheads.
Since the annotation of Thirteen Classics, few scholars have been able to distinguish its origins and similarities. In such a complicated situation, it is no longer possible to solve the problem by sorting out classic texts only by ancient books. In the end, we have to rely on our own knowledge to make a choice. "Preface to Notes on Thirteen Classics" points out: "Since the Tang Dynasty, it has been confined to the Song version and suppressed at the end."
It can be seen that Duan Yucai not only despised vulgar books for lack of evidence, but also thought that he was good at the Song version, and he also went to its mistakes and explored its meaning to determine right and wrong, which was probably beyond the reach of ordinary people.
He believes that proofreaders must have profound academic knowledge and solid basic skills. Many excellent examples of collating in Duan Yucai have been confirmed by Dunhuang manuscripts and Fuyang Han bamboo slips found in contemporary times, which can't help but make people gasp in admiration.
There are a lot of errors in the current edition of Shangshu Guwen. There was no other version to refer to at that time. Just by proofreading, now I write my school's proofreading in Dunhuang, and each book is combined.
Wang Zhongmin's Annotation on Dunhuang Ancient Books says that there are two examples, Yi Ji and Gong Yu, which are the remnants of Shangshu, which are "opposite to Duan Chuanyi", among which the words are "from meat" and "from grass".
"Now write this book according to this, and Duan Jun's words are final." Another example is Duan Yucai's judgment of "Bad Husband" and the "Message" error in "The Book of Songs". The "tomb door" is a "prophecy", and the bamboo slips of the Book of Songs unearthed from the Han tomb in Fuyang, Anhui Province are "expressing aspirations with songs", which proves that his judgment is completely correct. ?
Baidu Encyclopedia-Guangya Shuzheng
Baidu Encyclopedia-Duan Yucai