Ancient rhyme refers to the rhyme of pre-Qin and Han dynasties based on the Book of Songs. Some people have long found that these rhymes are not easy to pronounce. In the Song Dynasty, Ye Yin said: When any word is used in rhymes, the usual way of reading can be changed according to different contexts to make it smooth. A term in Chinese phonology, the rhyme of Chinese pre-Qin and Han dynasties based on the Book of Songs. The main achievement of traditional phonology research on ancient rhyme lies in the ancient rhyme division. The materials used are mainly the rhyming characters of "The Book of Songs" and the homophonic radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi", as well as pre-Qin and Han rhymes, heavy prose, different texts, readings, and phonetic training. The basic method is to first connect the rhyme characters in "The Book of Songs" and summarize the rhyme parts. Then, based on the harmonic relationship, the range of rhyme parts is expanded. By deducing in this way, a complete ancient rhyme system can be obtained, and Chinese characters can be classified into each rhyme part.
In the Song Dynasty, Wu Yan wrote "Yun Supplement" and began to explore the appearance of ancient rhyme. In the Ming Dynasty, Chen Di wrote "An Examination of the Ancient Sound of Mao's Poems" and other books, which researched the ancient rhyme and pronunciation, thoroughly clarified the fallacy of the "Ye Yun" theory that people in the Tang and Song Dynasties changed the pronunciation of ancient rhyme from modern pronunciation, and put forward the view that ancient and modern pronunciation are different. Gu Yanwu in the Qing Dynasty wrote "Five Books on Phonetics", which broke the shackles of traditional rhyme books, summarized the rhymes based on the actual ancient rhymes, analyzed the Tang rhyme to find the division and combination of ancient rhymes, and changed the current rhyme with the yang tone of the rhyme into the rhyme with the yin tone. The ancient rhymes are divided into 10 parts, among which the four parts of Yang, Geng, Zheng and Ge have been concluded. In the future, ancient phoneticians will conduct more precise research based on Gu's work. Among them, Jiang Yong authored "Standards of Ancient Rhymes", which is divided into 13 ancient rhymes. His contribution lies in the Zhenyuan Division, the Invasion Division, and the Youxiao Division. The Hou Division was separated from the Yu Division and fell into the Xiao Division. Duan Yucai authored the "Six Books Phonological Table", which divided the ancient rhymes into 6 categories and 17 parts. His contribution lay in the three-thirds of Zhizhi, the Zhenwen division, and the independence of the Hou part. He also proposed that words with homophonic sounds should be in the same ancient rhyme part. theory. The ancient rhyme division to the Duan family has been generally determined. Dai Zhen of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Sound Rhyme Test" and "Sound Category Table", which divided ancient rhymes into 9 categories and 25 parts. Each category has three parts: Yin sound, Yang sound and Ru tone, which is the first of its kind to match Yin and Yang. Kong Guangsen wrote "Shisheng Lei", which divided the ancient rhymes into 18 parts, and separated the winter part; he also proposed the theory of "Yin and Yang Reverse". Wang Niansun divided the ancient rhymes into 21 parts, and Jiang Yougao also divided the ancient rhymes into 21 parts. Zhang Binglin divided the ancient rhymes into 23 parts. In his later years, he advocated combining the winter invasion into one part, with 22 parts. Huang Kan divides ancient rhymes into 28 parts. Modern scholar Wang Li advocates fat micro-division. The work of the Ancient Yun Branch has now been perfected.
In the Ming Dynasty, Chen Di began to put forward the idea that ancient pronunciation was different from modern pronunciation, and opposed Ye Yin. In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, Gu Yanwu wrote the "Five Books on Music" and began to seriously study the music of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Because the imperial examinations after the Tang Dynasty required poetry to be written, people had memorized the rhymes of poetry and the words in each rhyme. These early researchers also focused on how many categories of rhymes in pre-Qin rhymes should be divided and what should be included in each category. These two questions come up.
Most classifications
For the convenience of description, now the ancient rhyme classification method of Luo Changpei and Zhou Zumo, the modern people who have the most classifications, has been slightly changed and annotated, and listed below:
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Part 1. Including "Guangyun", □ (use flat tone to represent flat) rhyme and some words of Youyun, such as Ruqi, Lai, □... The homophonic radicals in these words are qi, lai, yu....
②Youbu. Including words with You and You rhymes, such as □ and □. The radicals of the harmonic sound are □, Qiu….
③Xiabu. Including Xiao, Xiao, Yao, Hao rhyme characters, such as Shaotiao, Xiao, Jiao, Tao... The radicals are Zhao, Xiao, Jiao, Zhao...
④ Hou Bu. Including Hou Yun characters and some Yu Yun characters, such as □, Ju... The radical is □, sentence….
⑤Fish department. Including words with the rhymes of fish, 虞, and imitating, such as 皚, 虞, pu…. The radicals are Ju, Wu, Pu….
⑥Song Department. Including Ge, Ge, Ma rhyme characters and some branch rhyme characters, such as how, □, snake, □... The radicals are ke, □, it, □….
⑦ Branch. Including Zhi and Jiayun characters, such as Zhi, Ti... The radical is a branch, is....
⑧Fat part. Including the words "fat", "qi", all rhyme, such as "fat", "苋", "刈"... The radicals are zhi, wife, both....
⑨Micro part. Including characters with rhymes of fat, micro, and gray, such as Yi, □, Wei... The radicals are gui, □, ghost....
⑩Sacrifice Department. Including Ji, Tai, □, and useless rhyme words, such as Xie, Ai, Bai, □... The radicals are Shi, □, Bei, □….
□East. Including part of the rhyme characters of "东" and the rhyme characters of "Zhong" and "Jiang", such as Kong, □, Bang... The radicals are Gong, □ and Feng.
□Winter. Including some rhyme characters of winter and east, such as zong, □…. The radicals are Zong, Zhong….
□Steaming part. Including steaming and ascending rhyme words, such as steaming, hating... Radical □, Zeng.
□ Yang part. Including some rhyme characters of Yang, Tang and Geng, such as Shang, basket, Gong... The radicals are Shang, Kuang, Guang...
□Farming Department. Including words with rhymes of Geng, Geng, Qing, and Qing, such as Ping, Geng, Qing, Ting... The radicals are Ping, Jing, Qing, Ren...
□True department. Including some rhyme characters of Zhen, Zhen and Xian, such as Xin, Zhen, Dian... The radicals are Xin, Qin, Zhen….
□Zhenbu. Including words with rhymes of Zhun, Wen, Xin, Hun, and Hen, such as □, Wen, Xin, □... The radicals are □, door, jin, □….
□Yuanbu. Including Yuan, Han, Huan, Xi, Shan, Xian, Xian and some rhyme characters, such as Yuan, Han, □, □, □, □...
The radicals are 亘, □, □, □, Jian, □….
□Talk about the ministry. Including words with rhymes of Tan, Xian, Title, Yan, and Fan, such as □, □, □, □... The radicals are Yan, □, □….
□Invade the Ministry. Including invade, Qin, Yan, Tianyun words, such as Xin, Qin, 孭, 簟... The radicals are Yin, Qin, □….
□Zhibu, including Zhi, Deyun characters, such as □, □.... The radical is ji, or....
□ House Department. Including house (part), □, jue rhyme characters, such as □, green, □... The radicals are □, Lu, Shu....
□Wobu. Including house (part), wo rhyme words, such as □, poison... The radical is complex, poison... (some people call it the Awakening Department).
□□ Department. It includes several loose characters in □, Duo, Wo, and Jueyun, such as Jie, □, □, Zhuo... The radicals are abuse, □, Bao, Zhai….
□Duo Department. Including □, Duo rhyme characters and some characters of Mo, Mai, Xi rhyme, such as □, Zuo, Ke, □, □... The radicals are □, Zha, Ge, □, □….
□ Tin Department. Including the characters with Xi rhyme and some characters with Mo, Mai, and Xi rhyme, such as □, □, bi,... The radicals are ANALYZE, □, PI....
□Plasma. Including words rhyming with "Zhi", "Zhi", and "Zhi", such as "Shi", "□", "Jie"... The radicals are Zhi, □, Ji....
□□ Department. Including □, Wu, Zhi, Mei rhyme characters, such as Shu, Wei, 仡, Hu... The radicals are Shu, Wei, Qi, Wu... (In addition, there are also some loose characters of Zhi, Wei, □, and Team rhymes).
□Moon. Including Yue, Huo, Mo, 黠, □, Xue Yun characters, such as Jie, Brown, Huo, Ba, □, Shuo... Next to the editor are 曷, □, □, □province....
□獍部. Including 盍, lia, 玎, □, words with no rhyme, such as Jia, □, Fa... The radicals are A, □….
□ Jibu, including Ji, He, □, □ rhyme words, such as Qi, He.... The radicals are Li, He....
⑩The above are generally called Yin sounds, which receive a vowel or □ sound; □～□ are yang sounds, which receive a nasal sound; □～□ are entry sounds, which receive a stop sound.
Gu Yanwu's classification method
The "Tone Theory" in Gu Yanwu's "Five Books on Phonetics" is a theoretical summary. There he emphasized "Shi Zhi Ancient Rhymes Seven", "Shi Zhi Ancient Rhymes" three". This reflects that he may have thought that the difference between the modern pronunciation and the pronunciation of "The Book of Songs" is only 3/10, and as long as he changes these few according to the pronunciation of 7/10, he will be successful. He said under the word "you" in "Qin Se You Zhi": "The ancient sound is 'yi'". It can be seen that he has no foley, but only changed the existing A sound to the B sound. His classification (not in the original order) is: ①Zhizhi tinzhi micro-matter □Sacrifice to the moon. ② Youwo Houwuxiao □. ③Yu Duo. ④Song. ⑤Dongdong. ⑥Steam. ⑦Yang. ⑧Plowing. ⑨True and true. ⑩ Invasion and seizure. His entrance sound is placed under the negative voice (⑩ is an exception).
Duan Yucai's classification method
Duan Yucai was reclassified based on Gu Yanwu's work, and got 17 titles: ①. ②Xiao□. ③The quiet and fertile house. ④Hou. ⑤Yu Duo. ⑥Steam. ⑦ Invasion and seizure. ⑧Talk about it. ⑨Eastern winter. ⑩Yang. □Plowing. □Authenticity. □Zhen. □yuan. □ Fatty □ Worship the moon. □ tin. □Song. It can be seen that except for the four points of not distinguishing the fertile house, placing the quality under the sound of the sun, not distinguishing the east and the winter, and not distinguishing the fat and the moon, the results are the same as those of modern people in other places. It's just that Gu Yanwu's method of placing the entrance voice under the Yin voice is followed. In addition to divisions, Duan Yucai also listed the characters used to rhyme in the "Book of Songs" and "Qunjing" for easy viewing. What is more outstanding is that he also connected the classification of homophonic characters with ancient rhymes, saying: "One sound It can be harmonized with thousands of words, but they must have the same part. "It is generally correct except that the full name should not be used." This is because the era when a large number of homophonic words were produced roughly coincides with the time when the Book of Songs was produced. In addition to the rhyme spectrum, he also listed the "Seventeen Ancient Harmonic Tables". For example, in Part 6 of his book, he listed: the sound of □, the sound of dreams, the sound of flies, the sound of friends, the sound of bows... He also called the rhyming words that were accidentally borrowed from other parts of the book "joint rhymes" and listed them in each part of the rhyme. Behind the spectrum. After the publication of Duan Yucai's "Six Books on Sounds" it aroused great repercussions. Qian Daxin said that he "cut through the chaos." No matter how much progress people made later, they almost only made up for his shortcomings.
After the paragraph was written, his teacher Dai Zhen was asked to write a preface. Dai Zhen replied with a long letter. The letter says that the rhymes of Ji, Tai, □, Fei, Yue, Huo, Mo, 黠, □, and Xue are words in rhyme, such as "掇" and "捋" in "□□", and the radicals such as "fern", "□" and "shuo" in "Cao Chong" are □ The characters , □, Jue and Dui can be combined into a group. Using Duan's 17 parts mentioned above, it means that sacrifice and moon should be separated from the 15 parts and be independent. How many categories will it be counted after it is divided? Judging from Dai Zhen's later writings, we can see that he created two works, Ai and Yan, and only went into them. This is a characteristic of Dai Zhen. His own innovation is to use the word Yingnuo to represent a rhyme part. For example, his three categories of Dong, Hou, and Wu are called Weng, Yu, and Wu. This is more scientific. Because in addition to division, he also manages foley. His shortcoming is that he is rigid about equal rhyme: he refuses to separate any characters in equal rhyme Yishe, such as You and Hou. Therefore, he did not follow Duan's suggestion to separate You and You Conghou. All such scholars use "review" as an excuse to insist on certain arguments, which sometimes prevents them from accepting the correct opinions of others.
Wang Niansun once corrected Duan Yucai's mistakes in person. In his letter to Jiang Yougao, he said: "Duan Jun came to the capital for business, and then he was able to meet and discuss ancient news.
It is said that the Hou tribe has its own entry sound; the entry below Yueyue is not a fat entry, so it should be regarded as one part; the quality is not a real entry; and the two parts of Zhiyue are both going and there is no Pingshang; the two parts of Jiyun have no Pingshang. There is no going up. There are two people who follow Duan Jun (it means that the Hou tribe has Rusheng and is divided into two parts), and there are three people who don't follow it. "Please review the 17 chapters of Duan Yucai above. If Wang Niansun's opinion is followed, his house wealth is not divided, quality is attached to the real, and fat is small. Come over. As long as Dongdong, Zhiwei, and Rusheng are all independent, it will be the modern pattern (only the moon sacrifice is combined into one category).
Kong Guangsen’s classification method
Kong Guangsen (1752~1786) was also a student of Dai Zhen. He said in "Poetry": "Tang Yun, East, Three Bells and Four Rivers...are combined into one. Among the radicals that can be found in "Poetry" are: Congdong... Tong... Feng... Chong... Gong... Gong... Tomb... Chimney... Cong... Long... Rong... Use... Feng... Fierce... …Yong…***…gift…pair…□…. "Also said: "Anyone who comes from the sounds of Dong, Zhong, Nong, Gong, Gong, Chong, Zong, Zhong, Rong, Meng, □ and other sounds are not allowed to enter. "Except for Gong and Meng, which are steamed parts, the rest are winter parts.
Kong Guangsen also made an outstanding contribution, which is to divide each part into two categories: yin and yang (he advocated that there was no entry in ancient times) Dai Zhen originally had the idea of ??"matching the two, with entering the voice as the key to matching", but Kong Guangsen completely realized it and made preparations for future generations to study the relationship between departments. However, he only wanted to get it right. The divisions were so rough that he actually combined Zhenzhen into one part (see Yin and Yang Countermeasures). He also wrote "Dividing Examples of Poetry", which listed various rhyming patterns in the "Book of Songs" to make it easier to use. It is Zhang Binglin who has inherited and developed the achievements of Kong Guangsen. He has made contributions in both division and onomatopoeia. Zhi Wei was separated from the bottom, and he only went to the team headquarters of Ru Yun. He said: "The two parts of the Zhi team lived together and moved around, and they never left. "In terms of foley, he has "Twenty-Three Parts of Pitch" specifically talking about foley. Zhang Binglin's words are relatively clear, for example, "Dongdang is big from the mouth of the Zhiyun River (Jiangnan Hu'jiang)...especially in Jiangxi )". People can understand what he is saying by using the [□] vowel. He is a Buddhist and knows some Sanskrit, and his onomatopoeia often uses Sanskrit as a model. Therefore, his divisions and onomatopoeia are relatively clear. Now put his "Rhyme List" notes that the upper phonetic symbols are listed at the bottom: Self-note: "The yang sounds listed above and the yin sounds listed below are 'reverse'. Several of them cohabitate in the same direction. ”
Contraversion means that the first half of the rhyme is roughly the same, with or without a nasal ending at the end. It also has side-turning. It means that the medial ending sound of the rhyme does not change (some also have a ending sound change), and the main theme The problem of vowel changes. His improvement was to organize the relationship between parts in a more orderly manner, so he said: "What Kong expressed... is based on the review and transfer." "His bypass arrangement is much more reasonable.
Zhang Binglin's classification method
Zhang Binglin's onomatopoeia caused people to think that it was strange that Qing, Dong, Dong and Zheng were not counted - □, can be changed to the -n, -m category. This is influenced by Sanskrit. There are 14 vowels in Sanskrit, plus a□, a□, 12. . □ is originally an additional sign indicating the nasalization of a vowel. It is used before k, t, and p. There is a group of monks who also pronounce □ before fricatives. □, this is Zhang Binglin's model. He said: "Indian yinmana is all about style, but □ is only about momentum."
In addition to 28 volumes of Sanskrit by Zhang Binglin. "Youwo" is not distinguished, "Zhiwei" is not distinguished, and "Sacrifice to the Moon" is not distinguished. All the entering sounds are completely independent. He found the rhymes called first and fourth by the rhyme masters in each part, which are called Guben rhymes. The remaining rhymes are called Jinbian rhyme. Although the first and fourth rhymes have indeed changed little from ancient times to the present, it is not said what conditions caused the change of Jinbian rhyme. For example, the "Yuan" tribe has two ancient rhymes, Han and Huan, in Changsha. The words are pronounced with two vowels. Just saying "Han Huan" is an ancient rhyme, people from all over the world don't understand the meaning, so his theory of onomatopoeia is not as good as Zhang Binglin's in translating it into phonetic symbols.
Qian Xuantong's classification method
Modern Qian Xuantong (1887~1939) separated "Youwo" and Wang Li separated "Zhiwei", so there are 30 parts in one book. "Sacrifice to the Moon" is divided according to Dai Zhen's opinion, which is the 31 mentioned at the beginning of this article.
The reasons for the differences in classification
Classification is the greatest contribution of Chinese scholars to the study of ancient rhymes, but there is one point. Point out: There are many big characters in the department, and it is easy to follow the rules in rhyming. There are few small characters in the department, and it is difficult to rhyme. It is inevitable to borrow from other parts. Produced. It is inevitable that some personal preferences come into play here.
(Yu Min)