This is indeed something that China people should be proud of, but it should also be worth pondering by China people. Our 5,000-year-old civilization can only be proved by some unearthed cultural relics and words. How many historical relics have we destroyed in the continuous wars, natural and man-made disasters and looting, especially civil strife, over the past five thousand years? To put it mildly, students majoring in architecture in China will visit the Tang Dynasty architecture in China, and even go to Japan.
In the late Bronze Age, especially in the Iron Age, the Greeks and Romans created prosperous Greek and Roman classical cultures in the Aegean Sea and Italy respectively, and still retain many paintings, sculptures and buildings, such as the famous Parthenon and the Colosseum in Rome.
What deserves our study, reflection and reference is that when most western regions jumped from prehistoric culture to medieval Christian culture, the country gradually expanded, its power reached its peak, its territory expanded and its national strength was unprecedented. The integration of the country's outstanding civilizations captured by it has formed the early democratic system such as elections and the prosperity of culture, economy and society. There are frequent exchanges of civilizations among countries, and the political system is basically a * * * system, which is not closed and there is no literary inquisition.
some
Over the years, many have been unearthed in the west.
Because, now they are the mainstream class that rules the world, how can they have no awesome ancestors? Absolutely not. Therefore, the technology of forging cultural relics in the west is very developed and mature, and it is a series of identification. The right of public opinion is in their hands. Seriously, it's true. You can't refute it. Do you dare to say that this fake family, the whole literary and art circles+government will fuck you and ask you if you are afraid? Repeat it a thousand times, that's the truth.
Once upon a time, there was a man in China who insisted that Mr. Li Lao and Lao Zi were their ancestors, and it was officially proved and well documented.
There are almost no bronzes in western civilization, but more silverware, ceramics and iron. More importantly, at the peak of Chinese bronzes, Europeans had not yet come down from trees. When our ancestors began to plant crops, raise livestock and poultry, pursue spiritual civilization and explore the mysteries of the universe, westerners were still eating and drinking blood.
The above is a joke I played.
Bronze was first discovered in the ruins of Kayintepe in eastern Turkey in the two river basins. Natural copper products 10000 years ago were discovered and annealed. This is the earliest copper product found in the world so far. It is made of natural copper without smelting. Subsequently, in mid-2000, metallic copper appeared outside the core areas of eastern Turkey and northern Iraq, and it spread to Mehrgar area in central Pakistan 8,000 years ago. Serbia in eastern Europe began to smelt bronze as early as 7000 years ago, and the copper smelting technology in eastern Turkey was relatively mature about 6000 years ago. Copper alloys such as arsenic and copper were generally produced consciously 5,500 years ago. About 5000 years ago, tin bronze appeared in southwest Asia, and hundreds of years later, bronze casting also appeared in central Europe and Asia. The oldest copper product found in China is the brass fragment unearthed from Jiangzhai site in Shaanxi Province, which was smelted after testing, 6500-6700 years ago. The single-edged bronze knife unearthed from Majiayao cultural site in Gansu Province is the oldest known bronze ware in China and the oldest bronze knife in the world. Identified by carbon 14, it is about 5000 years ago. Archaeological data show that Turkey is the first region in the world to master metal smelting technology, while China is relatively late. Although China mastered the bronze smelting technology a little late. As far as the use scale, casting technology, plastic arts and varieties of bronzes are concerned, bronzes anywhere in the world can be compared with Chinese bronzes. This is also one of the reasons why Chinese bronzes occupy a unique position in the history of world art and attract widespread attention.
European civilization originated from Greek civilization. About 800 years before the rise of ancient Greek civilization, the splendid Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization were bred in the Aegean region. The earlier Minoan civilization, also translated as Minoan civilization, is an ancient civilization in the Aegean Sea, which appeared in ancient Greece and was the bronze age before Mycenae civilization, about 2850 BC-BC 1450 BC. The development of this civilization is mainly concentrated in Crete. The earliest remains of human habitation on the European continent can be traced back to the Paleolithic Age in Europe 35,000 years ago. Settlements, farming techniques and domesticated livestock appeared in the early Neolithic period in Europe 7000 years ago. From the earliest recorded civilization to the temporary retrogression and disappearance of civilization in BC 1 200, copper was the main metal material for making tools and weapons, which was called the Bronze Age.
The classical period in Europe began in 700 BC. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 AD. About 150 years, the territory of the Roman Empire reached its largest. In 395, the Roman Empire split in two. In 476, romulus Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed, and Europe entered the Middle Ages. Medieval history refers to the period from the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 to the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution in 1640. The formation, development and disintegration of feudal system is the main line of European history in this period. However, the development of feudal society in the world is unbalanced. When Western Europe just entered the feudal society in the 5th century, China had already completed the feudal social course of about 1000 years.
Historians believe that the enfeoffment of the world after the conquest of King Wu marked the beginning of the transition from slavery to feudalism in China, and the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were also the peak period of Chinese bronzes. At this time, only Greek civilization was brilliant in Europe, but the main body of Greek civilization was not in the European continent, but in the Aegean Islands, while the main birthplace of European civilization was basically on the Mediterranean coast, while the European continent was still in its primitive state. Until the Roman Empire ruled Europe. Interestingly, when Europeans talk about history, they all start with Greek civilization, but they exclude Greek civilization from European civilization, so my jokes are actually not jokes.
In addition, the most important thing is to say it again: although China mastered the bronze smelting technology a little late. However, from the use scale, casting technology, plastic arts and varieties of bronzes, there is no place in the world where bronzes can be compared with ancient Chinese bronzes. This is also the reason why China ancient bronzes occupy a unique position in the history of world art and attract widespread attention.
Westerners don't need bronzes to prove their civilization, because civilization is defined by them, and they say that western civilization lasts as long as it lasts.
The Bronze Age, between the Neolithic Age and the Iron Age, existed between 67 BC and 2000 BC. Copper was generally accepted by people at that time because of its low melting point and easy smelting, manufacturing and molding.
Bronze ware is actually an alloy made of copper and other chemical elements such as tin or lead in a certain proportion; This metal is called bronze because it is blue-green.
Where did bronzes first appear? According to modern archaeological discoveries, the earliest bronzes appeared in the "two river basins" around 6000 BC, belonging to the Mesur civilization. Unearthed bronzes can be seen in national museums in Iraq and Syria.
About 4000 years ago, bronzes were also used in Europe. The physical objects are kept in the current British Museum, the Palace of Versailles in France and museums in other European countries.
If you are interested, you can browse the websites of these museums and look at the pictures. Some bronzes are easy to judge their uses; However, some people still don't know what they are used for.
Except for the bronzes discovered in America, which were relatively late (around 1000 BC), there are bronzes in all ancient civilizations on all continents, such as ancient India.
In this way, ancient Chinese bronzes did not win the first prize in time; But in terms of the shape and exquisiteness of objects, ancient Chinese bronzes are unparalleled in the world.
The glory of Chinese bronzes was mainly in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At that time, bronzes were mainly not practical; Therefore, bronzes show that they are engraved with unique inscriptions; These inscriptions not only record history; As a unique writing, it has formed an inheritance relationship with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is unique among bronzes all over the world.
With the discovery of a large number of iron ore and the improvement of smelting technology, a new metal element slowly replaced bronze; This kind of metal is hard, and after tempering, it is like modern alloy steel.
This metal element is iron; Humans began to enter the iron age.
Another serious injury to ancient Greek civilization. Who stole Lao Tzu's bronze wares? Where are the bronzes? Clay tablets, scrolls and fragile marble can be preserved, but there are no decent bronzes.
Because most parts of the western region are still in the Stone Age, and they don't even have enough to eat, how can we light up the metal science and technology line?
Yes, a statue sank into the sea and was pulled up a few years later. It is a cultural relic!
Nowadays, many people say that Chinese bronzes were handed down from Sumer and Egypt, so there are no large and exquisite bronzes handed down from these two places? I don't believe it. If not, can those folk scholars make rumors casually? If there is, a photo will do.
This question is extremely ignorant. In fact, the concept of bronze ware comes from the west. China did not explicitly put forward the Bronze Age in ancient times, but only after the introduction of western archaeological and historical theories. Ancient Chinese only said it was a bronze ware, but it was not clearly said it was a bronze ware. The alloy of copper is not subdivided, and copper doesn't even strictly distinguish gold very late. Literally, gold and copper were strictly distinguished after the Han Dynasty. What is unearthed in the west is not a large number of bronze ritual vessels, but a large number of bronze weapons and daily utensils, such as bronze pot mirrors, bronze sculptures and bronze masks. Roman daggers were early bronze daggers. There are too many things unearthed, but unlike China, China uses bronze ritual vessels to symbolize power, so there are many famous bronzes, but there are no bronze ritual vessels in the west, so there are naturally no particularly famous bronzes. In addition, there are few things buried underground in the west. Large bronze products in ancient Rome and Greece in the west are often melted and reused on the ground because copper is still valuable. For example, the large bronze products that often appear in ancient Greek and Roman squares are war horses and the goddess of victory. When the society is in turmoil, these bronze products are melted and used for other purposes. It should be said that metallurgical technology in the West has always been better than that in other places and China. The die-casting technology in the west did not reach the level beyond ancient Rome until after the Opium War. China's craftsmen have been neglected and their status is very low, so there is a big gap between them and Europe in terms of technical level.