1, Shiqingshi Road System
Shi Qing is the title of ancient senior officials. Shi Qing was a nobleman under the emperor or vassal state, and several generations were re-elected as senior officials like the Qing Dynasty. Land is the hedonic property obtained by officials.
Shilu, which was popular in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, was passed down from generation to generation by officials and enjoyed fiefs and taxes.
At the end of primitive society, after the demise system of "the world is public" was destroyed, the hereditary system of "adults take it as a gift" appeared. Hereditary system is characterized by the unity of kingship and clan power.
It determines the appointment of government officials at all levels through family blood relationship, and determines the rank and rank of officials according to blood relationship. As an official, aristocrats of all sizes must receive Chinese studies education and learn relevant etiquette knowledge before taking office.
That is, "I don't go to school for more than three generations." Anyone who sets up titles and official positions has enjoyed fiefs and fiefs from generation to generation. From the perspective of historical development, it is historical progress, and its root lies in the development of productive forces.
2. Inspection system
Chaju is election, which is a system of selecting talents as officials from bottom to top, and it is the most important way of selecting officials in Han Dynasty.
The early inspection system was based on "village election" and paid attention to the villagers in order to judge the authority of a scholar's ability and political integrity. With the gradual decay of the official selection system, a group of rich children who have been officials for generations and controlled the central or local political power have emerged, and aristocratic landlords who have been officials for generations have also formed and developed.
In the later period, eunuchs mastered the power of employing people, and the system of selecting officials became more decadent, resulting in "a scholar who doesn't understand books;" Cha Xiaolian, father separated. In addition, the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty recruited talented people to accompany officials to Beijing and awarded them official positions.
3. Expropriation system
Expropriation is a top-down official selection system, which mainly includes two ways: emperor recruitment and state and county recall. Emperor recruitment is to select some prestigious people with excellent academic performance, prepare consultants or appoint political affairs through characteristics and recruitment.
The recruitment party has a long history. If Qin Xiaogong publicly orders the recruitment of talents, it is of a recruitment nature. When Sun Tong, the uncle of Qin Shihuang, took literature as the symbol and Wang Cizhong took Cang Xie's old prose as the symbol of official script, it also belonged to the nature of conscription.
In the Han Dynasty, in the eleventh year of Gao (BC 196), he also inherited this method. Later, from the Western Emperor Wudi to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xiang Yan became an example. For venerable old scholars, special treatment is given.
For example, at the beginning of Liang Wudi's accession to the throne, that is, "making the emissary bundle silks and add jade, loading and wrapping the wheels with simplicity, and driving the chariot to meet them" can be said to be the first example of loading and loading the wheels to meet the wise men in the Han Dynasty.
The emperor's conscription was the most honorable official career in the Han Dynasty, and conscripts came and went freely. Although the court can urge them, if they refuse, they cannot be forced. Moreover, the status after the levy was different from that of ordinary courtiers, and most of them were treated with courtesy.
Expulsion is a system in which senior officials appoint lower-level officials. In the Han Dynasty, there were two situations except for officials: one was that after the county trial, court officials or foreign ministers could recommend them for inspection and supplement, so the official positions of the three official houses were low, but they were easy to be prominent.
One is to abolish states and counties, where officials are assisted. Because of their qualifications, contributions, or after probation, they can recommend or inspect their talents, or they can be promoted to court officials or local officials.
4. Do the right thing.
Jiupin official system, also known as Jiupin official law, was an important official selection system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This was the system formulated by Cao Pi in the first year (220) when he was ordered to adopt the opinion of Chen Qun, the official department minister. This system was gradually improved in the Western Jin Dynasty and changed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. From the beginning of Cao Wei to the establishment of imperial examinations in Sui and Tang Dynasties, this period lasted for about 400 years.
Jiupin Zheng Zhi system inherited the imperial examination system of Han Dynasty, initiated the imperial examination of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and occupied a very important position in the history of ancient political system in China. It is one of the three major official selection systems in China's feudal society. In fact, it is the continuation and development of the imperial examination system in Han Dynasty, or another manifestation of the imperial examination system.
Generally speaking, the nine-level clock system means that each state and county elects a Dazhongzheng, and the elected Dazhongzheng must be an official with high moral reputation in the central government. Dazhongzheng reproduces Xiaozhongzheng. It is the official name for judging talents.
After the emergence of "big schools" and "small schools", the central government issued a talent questionnaire, which divided talents into nine grades, namely, going to school, going to school, going to school, going to middle school, going to school, going to school and going to school.
In this form, all exiles from all over the country are registered according to their own knowledge, whether they are in official positions or not. In this form, the year and year are recorded in detail, and the items are graded and commented respectively. Xiao Zhongzheng helped Dazhong to submit the form to the official department, and the official department promoted and deposed the officials accordingly.
This system provided objective criteria for selecting officials at that time. This standard actually adopted local public opinion and public opinion, and retained the legacy of rural elections in the Han Dynasty.
On the one hand, the implementation of the "Nine Grades System" solved the problem of irregular selection of officials and clarified the management of officials at that time. On the other hand, it eased the tension between the central government and aristocratic families and laid a solid foundation for the realization of national reunification in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
5. Imperial examination system
The imperial examination system refers to the imperial examination for scholars, and many characteristics of the imperial examination system are gradually formed through a long process. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the Nine Grades System and began to select officials by means of subject examinations. When Yang Di was in the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examination system was formed.
The Tang Dynasty inherited and improved the imperial examination system: during the Zhenguan period, examination subjects were added, mainly Jinshi and Mingjing; During Wu Zetian's reign, the number of candidates in imperial examinations increased, and martial arts and palace examinations were initiated. During the Kaiyuan period, senior officials were appointed to preside over the examination, which improved the status of the imperial examination and was later customized.
The imperial examination system in the Northern Song Dynasty developed further than that in the Tang Dynasty: the examination was divided into three levels: provincial examination, provincial examination and palace examination, and the imperial examination procedure was strict. Jurors have to pass the examination of the Ministry of Rites to qualify, and the admission right is directly controlled by the emperor, and the court examination has become a custom;
Examination subjects gradually decreased, and Jinshi became the most important subject; The name system is implemented, and the name and place of origin on the test paper are sealed by "sealing" and "copying" to prevent examiners from cheating; The admission quota is greatly increased compared with that of the Tang Dynasty. The Ming dynasty followed the imperial examination system of the previous generation.
In order to strictly control the thoughts of scholars, the imperial examination papers only put forward propositions from the four books and five classics of Confucianism, allowing only the views of Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism and not giving full play to personal opinions; The style of the answer sheet is strictly regulated and divided into eight parts, which are called "eight-part essay".
The stereotyped writing system of taking scholars has seriously bound people's minds. At the beginning of the 20th century, due to the drastic changes in the domestic situation, the feudal imperial examination system could not meet the needs of the situation. 1905, the Qing government abolished the imperial examination system.
From the establishment of the imperial examination in the first year of Yang Di the Great (605) to its abolition in the 31st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1905), the imperial examination system has existed in the history of China for 1300 years.
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