History textbooks shoulder the responsibility of shaping the national and national memory culture. The historical narration of World War II in German history textbooks has undergone many changes, which also reflects the changing process of German political culture after World War II. German contemporary history textbooks focus on cultivating the guilt of the younger generation, trying to construct a healthy sense of history for the younger generation through layered, melting, modern and three-dimensional collective guilt. ? Historical consciousness? It has become the core concept of modern history teaching in Germany.
First, gradually regularize history!
For Germany, which launched two world wars, the history is very complicated. As far as World War II is concerned, German historical narrative has undergone three major changes.
The first time happened in 1950s, and the historical narrative of World War II was vague, aiming at alleviating people's guilt. Previously, the clear-cut reflective teaching melted into two trends: on the one hand, most history courses ended in World War I or Weimar Republic, and even if World War II was involved, it was mainly limited to teachers' personal war experience or discussion of Nazism from the perspective of military history; On the other hand, Nazi was involved in the totalitarian theory that was in the ascendant at that time, so as to satirize the completion of the opponents of capitalism? Into the west? The goal of political education. 1953 65438+in February, the meeting of ministers of culture adopted a new "history curriculum standard", proposing that Nazism should be regarded as? Dictatorship and World War II? It should not be regarded as a unique political system.
Under the guidance of this idea, the history textbooks of this period usually only used about 20 pages to describe World War II, which not only put all the blame on Hitler, but also avoided or talked as little as possible about all kinds of evil deeds of the German army. For example, Geschichtliches Unterrichtswerk published in 1957 clearly commented on the one hand? Hitler admitted responsibility for the failure? ; On the other hand, I told them in extremely ambiguous words. At the Nuremberg trial, a man who later became an American judge put it this way: the planned mass murder showed that there were probably more than 100 people involved. On the contrary, some history textbooks prefer to describe Soviet soldiers? Ruthless? .
The picture shows the Jews queuing up for the concentration camp.
Germany at that time accused the Soviets? They launched a terrible revenge and invaded German territory, which, on the other hand, buried the hope of reaching an understanding between nations? . At the same time, the history of the expulsion of 654.38+0 Dovander people after the war has also become an important content to highlight the role of Germans as victims. What's more, it is claimed that in Germany's history full of hardships and hardships in 2000, the German people have never suffered as much as 1945, which neither the refugees in the enemy's revenge nor the people left behind can bear. ?