1894- 1895 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, he went to Shanghai to work as a secretary and proofreader for The Times. At the same time, in his spare time, he joined the Oriental Literature Society run by Luo Zhenyu and studied Japanese and physics and chemistry courses from Fujita Toyohachi. Luo Zhenyu in Shangyu saw Wang Guowei's poems written on the fan, praised his talent, helped him financially, and left him as an ordinary servant in Dongwen Society. The king swore allegiance to Luo Zhenyu and took refuge in Romania all his life.
Wang Yu 190 1 went to study in Japan and returned to China due to illness the following year. 65438-0903 teacher of Nantong Normal School, 65438-0904 teacher of Jiangsu Normal School, teaching psychology, ethics and sociology. 1906, Luo Zhenyu was transferred to Beijing and became an official in the academic department, followed by Wang, who visited the general affairs of the academic department and worked as a compiler in the library of the academic department the following year. He is interested in the philosophy of Schopenhauer, Kant and Nietzsche. He has published many philosophical papers in the education field, introduced German philosophy, and engaged in the study of Ci and drama. 1908 published "Ci Hua on Earth", 19 12 published "Textual Research on Song and Yuan Dramas".
After the Revolution of 1911, Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei fled to live in Japan. Luo said to the king of Qi: Now the world is getting worse, scholars can do whatever they want, and there is no reason to return books. After listening to Luo's suggestion, Wang gave up his previous research and specialized in classics and history. He wrote a large number of academic papers by using the classics, ancient artifacts, Oracle bone inscriptions and quicksand slips collected in Luo Zhenyu Dayun Library. 19 16 He returned to Shanghai, where he was hired as the editor of academic series by Harbin, and later became a professor at Baosheng Ruizhi University. He is still engaged in the textual research of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and ancient history, which is closely related to Shen. 1923 was called away from the south study room to be Mr. Pu Yi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. 1924, Feng Yuxiang expelled Puyi from the Forbidden City. Wang Guowei thought it was a "great humiliation" and tried to commit suicide, but his family kept a close watch. From 65438 to 0925, he taught in Tsinghua University Research Institute, engaged in the study of ancient northwest geography and ancient Mongolian history. 1927 In April and May, the Northern Expeditionary Army arrived in Henan, and the northern warlords were about to collapse, and the revolutionary situation was unprecedentedly high. On June 2, Wang Guowei wrote a suicide note, saying, "In 50 years, we only owe one death. After this world change, shameless. " He committed suicide in Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace, ending his old life.
Looking at Wang Guowei's academic activities, he first studied philosophy, then turned to literature, and then turned to history, among which history made the greatest contribution.
Wang Guowei learned philosophy by reading Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, which is very profound and difficult to understand. He then read Schopenhauer's book The World as Will and Representation, which was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer. Wang Guowei has written many papers, such as Praising the Image of Hande, Schopenhauer's Philosophy and Education Theory, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, Schopenhauer's Inheritance Theory and so on. , comprehensively introduces the philosophical thoughts of Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. Deeply influenced by Schopenhauer's thought, Wang Guowei applied it to philosophy, aesthetics, education, religion, law, politics and other fields. In his view, philosophy and art are to seek spiritual eternal truth, and philosophy of life is to explore and reveal the truth that life is pain and its way out. Aesthetics is the effect of arousing people's emotions, washing people's spirit, revealing the true meaning of life, making people detached from things, forgetting interests, gaining spiritual comfort and seeking temporary relief. His Classicism in Aesthetics and Literary Short Stories are masterpieces that give full play to Schopenhauer's aesthetic thoughts. He also wrote A Dream of Red Mansions Review, analyzing the tragic significance of Cao Xueqin's novel A Dream of Red Mansions. He analyzed the basic spirit of A Dream of Red Mansions with Schopenhauer's aesthetic thought, and showed the great pain brought by the desire for life, thus embarking on the road of liberation. The concepts of "observing the essence of cosmic life through a hole" and "realizing the truth of cosmic life" have written a complete tragedy with typical aesthetic value. Wang Guowei's research on A Dream of Red Mansions is quite insightful, revealing the inner meaning of the novel for the first time, overthrowing the prejudice of feudal scholars that A Dream of Red Mansions is a work of "teaching obscenity", criticizing the tedious research methods of the Indexing School, recommending A Dream of Red Mansions as a masterpiece of ancient China literature, and affirming its tragic significance and aesthetic value. Wang Guowei was bored with the study of philosophy. He once said in the preface: "I am tired of philosophy; Philosophically speaking, most lovely people are not credible, and credible people are not cute. I know the truth, but I like its fallacy. Great metaphysics, strict ethics and pure aesthetics are what we like. However, those who seek its credibility prefer epistemological positivism, ethical happiness and aesthetic empiricism. Knowing that it is credible but not cute, but feeling cute and unbelievable, this is the biggest trouble in these two or three years. " At that time, there were two main trends of western philosophy introduced into China: one was British positivism, such as Locke, Hume and Spencer, which was a set of positivism and empiricism advocated by Yan Fu. The other is German philosophy, such as Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, which is a system of transcendentalism and idealism. On the one hand, Wang Guowei favored the philosophies of Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, but he also criticized them as lovely and unreliable. He once said Schopenhauer: "Understanding his uncle's theory is partly due to his subjective temperament and lack of objective knowledge." On the other hand, influenced by positivism, he studied logic, mathematics, chemistry and physics, and cultivated his scientific research methods. However, he is not satisfied with science and positivism, but thinks that he still needs to explore the road and truth of life. This is what he thinks is "credible but not cute". As a result, he hovers between loveliness and credibility, and his thoughts are often in contradiction. After the Revolution of 1911, he went to Japan to study history instead of literature. In historical research, the scientific research methods of western positivism have played an important role.
Wang Guowei is a famous historian. He belongs to the Institute of Archaeology. Chen Yinque once described his academic achievements like this: "His academic contents and methods can be summarized with three eyes. One day, take the underground objects and the remains on the ground to explain each other; The same is true of all the works that belong to archaeology and ancient history, such as An Examination of the Scholars and Kings Seen by Yin Oracle Bone Inscriptions, The Ghost Fang, Kun Yi and Ji Kao, etc. Second, take ancient books of foreign nationalities and make corrections with old books of our country; The same is true of all works that belong to Liao, Jin, Yuan history and frontier geography, such as Mongolian Examination and Yi 'er Sword Examination. Third, learn from foreign ideas and inherent materials, all works that belong to literary criticism and novels and operas, such as A Dream of Red Mansions Review, Textual Research on Song and Yuan Dramas, Textual Research on Tang and Song Daqu, etc. "
Chen Yinque has a clear explanation of the research fields and methods of Wang Guowei's historical research. First, Wang Guowei's research on Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle bone inscriptions were discovered in the late Qing Dynasty and were first discovered by Wang. Later, Liu E published "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds". Subsequently, Sun Zhirang and Luo Zhenyu studied Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Wang Guowei is the first person in Oracle Bone Inscriptions who evolved from philology to historiography. He is the author of A Textual Research on Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, A Continuation of Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, On the System of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, A Textual Research on Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, A New Proof of Ancient History, etc. He compared Oracle Bone Inscriptions, an underground material, with China Ancient History Book, a paper material, corrected the mistakes recorded in the book with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and made an in-depth study. He himself called this method of textual research "double certificate method", that is, comparing underground materials with paper materials to verify the true image of ancient history. This textual research method not only inherits the textual research tradition of Ganjia school, but also draws lessons from the scientific textual research method of western positivism, organically combines the two, opens up new fields and creates new methods, and has made great achievements in the study of ancient history. Guo Moruo once praised: "Wang Guowei ... left us the products of his knowledge, just like the castle in Cui Wei, which has been shining strangely on the barriers of the old school for thousands of years."
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Kang Youwei put forward that "the six classics are all false", and later the historiography circle developed into a school that was skeptical about ancient history. Zhang Taiyan, a scholar of classical Chinese classics, is proficient in language phonology. But he didn't trust Oracle Bone Inscriptions and thought that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was not real. Therefore, he holds a negative attitude towards this method of studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions first and then history. Wang Guowei is different from the ancient skepticism school. He believes that ancient legends still have the value of historical research, and his attitude is more cautious. He is different from the Gan school, which is a Confucian scholar. They studied linguistics and philology for the sake of Confucian classics, while Wang Guowei studied linguistics and philology based on the examination of history. However, Zhang Taiyan believes in book knowledge too much, and even the scarab inscription denies its value, which is only a conservative thought in academic research.
Second, the study of northwest geography and ancient Mongolian history. Wang Guowei made extensive research on the geography of northwest China and the history of Mongolian ancient nomads. He compared, sorted out and studied bamboo slips of Han and Jin dynasties, Dunhuang documents, inscriptions and writings of foreigners, and wrote papers with great contributions. For example, his preface to quicksand falling is an exposition of the position and prosperity of Loulan, a famous ancient city in the western regions, by using wooden slips in Wei and Jin Dynasties. His Ghost Prescription, Kunyi and Kekao make use of the documents of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, as well as a large number of inscriptions on Zhongding Yi wares. After comparative analysis, he reached incisive opinions and conclusions.
He has written many articles, such as Monument and Postscript of Qu Bin, Monument and Postscript of General Gao Changning Shuo, Monument and Postscript of Nine Surnames of Khan in Uighur, Monument and Postscript of Wang Shixun in Gaochang in Shuyu Daoyuan, Epitaph and Postscript of Princess Li Xinjia in Tang Xian, and studied the history of ancient Mongolian Turkic and Uighur nomadic tribes from the epitaph and epitaph. His Mongolian Examination (originally named Mongolian Examination in Liao and Jin Dynasties) is an important treatise on the history of Mongolian tribes before Genghis Khan's founding in 2006. The main reason for the textual research of "The Main Causes of the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty" written by him is the rectification of the army, which clarifies the situation and deeds of the rectification of the army in the late Jin Dynasty. He also wrote "Tatar Test" and "Black Car Room Test". His research method is to read the historical records of China Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, refer to the monographs of Qian Daxin, He, Hong Jun, Tu Youyou, Shen and Ke Shaowen, and also quote the Secret History of Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, Historical Collection, Raster and Kyle? Polo's travels, and compared with the works of Japanese scholar Nakton, collated and textual research, and then reached superb conclusions.
Third, the study of the history of Song and Yuan operas. Wang Guowei worked as a compiler in the Library of the Ministry of Education from 65438 to 0907, engaged in the study of China's classical operas, and successively wrote seven monographs, including Qulu, Textual Research on the Origin of Opera, Notes on Ghost Records, Good Sentences, Textual Research on Daqu in Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Qulu Quotations and Textual Research on Ancient Opera Footprints. After traveling to Japan, he completed the examination of Song and Yuan operas on 19 12. These works are creative research achievements and open up a brand-new road for the study of traditional Chinese opera. Because, people have always regarded novels and operas as folk popular literature, "mediocre people are willing to get their hands on them, and strong men are thin but not." Few people have studied it.
Wang Guowei adopted the rigorous method of western academic research science, first making analysis and textual research, and then making comprehensive discussion. The first seven mentioned above are analysis and textual research, and the latter belongs to comprehensive masterpieces. When he wrote, he used the advanced western drama theory and aesthetic theory, "Look at what it will be, look at what it will be."
In terms of historical investigation, his conclusion is: "Since the Han and Wei Dynasties, China's dramas have combined hundreds of operas, and in the Tang Dynasty, they were divided into musical and burlesque; In the Song Dynasty, burlesque flourished, and songs and dances were gradually used to decorate the story. Therefore, the musical is not based on singing and dancing, but on stories, and the system was decided after the Yuan Zaju came out. The Southern Opera came out and became more and more, so China had a pure opera. " His conclusion is based on an assertion that "a dramatist means to perform a story by singing and dancing" and that "words, actions and singing must be combined to perform a story, and then the meaning of the drama begins to be complete". Based on this principle, this paper investigates the formation, evolution and development of China's classical operas, and draws clear tracks and clues. In terms of artistic aesthetics, he said: "The best part of Yuan Zaju lies not in its ideological structure, but in its articles. The beauty of his articles can also be summarized in one sentence: only artistic conception. Why is it artistic? Say: it is refreshing to write about feelings, and the scenery is in people's eyes and ears, as it is said. The beauty of ancient poetry is no less than this. "
He used this aesthetic standard to analyze and exert the artistic characteristics and aesthetic value of traditional Chinese opera language. People agree that the textual research of Song and Yuan operas is the "pioneering work" in the study of modern classical operas.
To sum up, the greatest contribution of Wang Guowei's historical research is to prove the materials and classics together. From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, a large number of physical materials were discovered, such as: First, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin and Qi Dynasties; 2. Bamboo slips (also called quicksand slips) in Dunhuang fortress and surrounding areas of the Western Regions; The third is the scroll written by the Tang people in the Six Dynasties in Dunhuang Thousand Buddha Cave; 4. Books and archives of the Cabinet Ministry of Finance; Five, China ancient foreign cultural relics (such as Xixia, Mongolia, etc.). ). Wang Guowei studied these newly discovered underground materials in China and the West, devoted his life to research and textual research, and achieved great research results. He is open-minded and eager to learn, and his academic attitude is meticulous and rigorous. He met many scholars at home and abroad, such as French sinologist Dr. pelliot Shasha, famous Japanese scholars, Kenjiro Naito and Naoko Naoko, as well as famous China scholars Luo Zhenyu, Shen and Ke Shaowen. And exchange research results with them, discuss and learn from each other, which is very inspiring and encouraging. Wang Guowei's academic achievements have won him a high reputation in international and domestic academic circles.
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