1, sergeant figurines
There are twenty soldiers in the general's chariot. There are many kinds of terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, namely Che Zuo and Che You. The figurine on the left side of the chariot wore a long raft, covered with armor, shin guards and a middle bow. The left hand holds long weapons such as spears, knives and halberds, and the right hand presses the chariot. The clothing of the right fighter is the same as that of the left fighter, but the posture is opposite. Are the main battle forces of chariots.
From the weapons found around the site of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, it can be seen that the left and right sides of Qin Dynasty chariots were equipped with long weapons such as swords and spears and long weapons such as crossbows, indicating that the division of labor between the left and right sides of chariots was not very clear at that time. On the chariot, in addition to the commander of spear soldiers and the figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there are also military attache figurines who command operations. Military attaché s are divided into high and low levels and have the responsibility of operational command.
2. Shoot the figurine vertically
It is a special unit among the terracotta warriors unearthed in the east of No.2 pit. The weapon it holds is a crossbow, which, together with the kneeling figures, forms the crossbowmen array. The vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the battle line, dressed in light combat robes, tied in a bun, tied with a belt at the waist, with sharp toes and light and flexible costumes. This posture is as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, "The shooting method is that the left foot is vertical and the right foot is horizontal. If the left hand supports the branch and the right hand holds the child, this is also the way to hold the crossbow. "
The posture of the vertical shooting figurines is consistent with the literature records, which shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized models, which have been inherited by future generations.
3. Kneeling statue
Like the vertical shooting figurines, it was unearthed in the east of No.2 pit, and its weapon was crossbow, which together with the vertical shooting figurines formed the crossbowmen array. Vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the array, and kneeling figurines are located in the center of the array. Archers and terracotta warriors are dressed in battle robes and armor, with their heads tied in a bun on the left side, their feet on square pointed shoes, their left legs squatting, their right knees touching the ground, their upper bodies turning slightly to the left, and their hands swinging up and down on the right side of their bodies with bows, showing the practice of individual soldiers holding bows.
In the sculpture art of kneeling figures, one thing is very valuable, that is, their soles are carefully portrayed by craftsmen with dense stitches, which reflects the extremely rigorous realism spirit and makes the viewers of later generations feel a very rich life atmosphere from Qin terracotta warriors.
4. Fighter Statue
That is, ordinary soldiers, with an average height of 1.8 meters. As the main body of the army array, the most unearthed terracotta warriors and horses pits can be divided into two categories according to their different clothes, namely warriors in battle robes and warriors in armor. As the main battle force, it is distributed in the whole army array. Warrior warriors are mostly distributed in the front, flexible and mobile; The figure of armored soldiers is distributed in the array. Both types of soldiers are armed with actual combat weapons, with high temperament and movement in silence.
5. Military officials and statues
In terms of identity, it is lower than ordinary figurines, and there are middle and low levels. From the appearance, there are several different forms of wearing double crown or single crown and armor. In the ranks of soldiers, junior officers command their positions with passwords.
6, cavalry figurines
1, 2 pits unearthed, there are 1 16 pieces, which are mainly matched with independent chariots. Because of the special arms, the clothing of cavalry is obviously different from that of infantry and chariots. They wear small round hats, jackets with tight sleeves and right lapels, tight cuffs, short boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no armor on their hands. The clothes are short and light, with a horse in one hand and a bow in the other.
Judging from this special costume, there are many kinds of terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. We can clearly see that from the perspective of ancient cavalry tactics, the agility of knights is a basic requirement. The cavalry statue unearthed in No.2 Square is the earliest cavalry object found in the archaeological history of our country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for the study of cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.
7. Yu Shouren's figurines
In other words, chariot drivers were unearthed in three terracotta warriors and horses pits. They are wearing long rafts, covered with armor, with arm armor reaching to their wrists, hand armor, shin guards on their legs, neck armor on their necks, scarves and long crowns on their heads, and their arms raised in front of them to pull the rope. Because chariots are extremely lethal in ancient wars, the position of riders is particularly important in ancient wars, especially in chariot wars, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.
8, senior officer figurines
Commonly known as general figurines, there are very few Qin figurines in the pit, and less than ten pieces have been unearthed. They are divided into two categories: general figurines in battle robes and general figurines in armor. Their * * * characteristics are wearing crowns, tall and burly, outstanding temperament and general demeanor.
The samurai's clothes are simple, but his chest is decorated with flower knots, while his chest, back and shoulders are decorated with eight colorful flower knots, which are colorful and elegant, setting off his rank, status and majesty in the army.
9. Horse figurines
About the size of a real horse, with straight ears, big eyes and full of energy.
Extended information There are many kinds of terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor:
brief introduction
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty are also called the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qinling Mountains. Located in xiyang village, 5 kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi, Shaanxi Province, China.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, which lasted for 39 years. It is the first mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China, and the first imperial mausoleum in China with large scale, reasonable layout and good preservation. The existing mausoleum is 76 meters high, and the layout of the cemetery is similar to Xianyang, Qin Dou. It is divided into two cities, the inner city is 2.5 kilometers and the outer city is 6.3 kilometers.
The mausoleum is located in the southwest of the inner city, facing east from west, and houses coffins and funerary objects. It is the core of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum complex and has not been excavated so far.
According to the current research, the Terracotta Warriors Pit is located about 955.5 meters east of the wall of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. It is generally believed that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are located outside the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which means guarding the Mausoleum and are an organic part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List.
build
After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to build his own mausoleum (246 BC). The construction process runs through his life. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang covers a total area of 50 square kilometers, including the present Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the only mausoleum in the world. First of all, all kinds of raw materials are strictly sourced, and many of them are collected from specific producing areas and mined and processed by specialized craftsmen. A lot of manpower and material resources were used in the construction process. Some people think that up to 700,000 people will participate in the construction project.
Fighter statue painting
In fact, the original paint of Terracotta Warriors and Horses has ten colors, such as purple, black, red and green, but it often oxidizes and peels off after being exposed to air for less than five minutes. In 2009, Sino-German cooperative painting protection technology successfully preserved the colors of the unearthed terracotta warriors and horses. In the NHK special program of Japan on 20 15, soldiers with residual colors after treatment can be exposed to the air for display.
Among them, "Chinese purple" is the most concerned. Before the appearance of synthetic violet in 1950' s, people used color mixing to make purple, but "Chinese violet" is a synthetic copper-barium silicate pigment (BaCuSi2O6).
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang
What kinds of terracotta warriors and horses are there? Terracotta warriors and horses include chariots, vertical shots, kneeling postures, warriors, military officers and so on.
1, chariot figurines
Cheshi, that is, the soldiers on the chariot except the driver and the driver. Generally, there are two soldiers on a chariot, namely, left figurines and right figurines. The figurines on the left side of the chariot are covered with long rafts, armour, shin guards, spears, spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons in their left hand, and the right hand presses the chariot. The clothing of the right fighter is the same as that of the left fighter, but the posture is opposite.
2. Shoot the figurine vertically
It is a special unit among the terracotta warriors unearthed in the east of No.2 pit. The weapon it holds is a crossbow, which, together with the kneeling figures, forms the crossbowmen array. The vertical shooting figurines are located in the front, dressed in light combat robes, tied in a bun, with a belt around their waist, feet tied with square feet and pointed shoes. Their clothes are light and flexible.
3. Kneeling statue
Like the vertical shooting figurines, it was unearthed in the east of No.2 pit, and its weapon was crossbow, which together with the vertical shooting figurines formed the crossbowmen array. Vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the array, and kneeling figurines are located in the center of the array. Archer figurines are dressed in battle robes and armor, with their heads tied in a bun on the left side, their feet all around, their feet tilted and pointed, their left legs crouched, their right knees touched the ground, their upper bodies turned slightly to the left, and their hands swung up and down on the right side of their bodies with bows, showing a solo exercise with bows.
4. Fighter Statue
That is, ordinary soldiers, with an average height of 1.8 meters.
As the main body of the army array, the most unearthed terracotta warriors and horses pits can be divided into two categories according to their different clothes, namely warriors in battle robes and warriors in armor. As the main battle force, it is distributed in the whole army array. Warrior warriors are mostly distributed in the front, flexible and mobile; The figure of armored soldiers is distributed in the array. Both types of soldiers are armed with actual combat weapons, with high temperament and movement in silence.
5. Military officials and statues
In terms of identity, it is lower than ordinary figurines, and there are middle and low levels. In the pit of Qin figurines, the number is very small, and less than ten pieces have been unearthed, which are divided into two categories: general figurines in battle robes and general figurines in armor. From the appearance, armored generals wear double crowns or single crowns, and there are several different forms of armor. The samurai's clothes are simple, but his chest is decorated with flower knots, while his chest, back and shoulders are decorated with eight colorful flower knots, which are colorful and elegant, setting off his rank, status and majesty in the army.
What are the types of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses? There are many kinds of terracotta warriors and horses, including chariots, cavalry and infantry. The images of figurines are various, and they are a bright pearl of ancient oriental art.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". 1987 12. UNESCO has listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty (including Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit) in the World Cultural Heritage List. It is not only the precious cultural wealth of China people, but also the precious cultural wealth of all mankind.
Pottery, height 197 cm, Terracotta Warriors and Horses, unearthed from No.1 pit of Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Lintong, Shaanxi.
The terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang are divided into two main arms: infantry figurines and cavalry figurines, each of which is different from soldiers, military attache and generals. Although these statues are all typed figures, they are not uniform, and almost every clay figurine has its typical personality characteristics. Taking ordinary figurines as an example, the sculptors in Qin Dynasty not only shaped different appearance characteristics, but also shaped different personalities and temperament. Some are smart, some are far-sighted, and some are prudent. Sculptors are so good at handling things in art that we feel that they are not far away from themselves, and they are all real flesh and blood figures. This general fighter is a good example.
The general in the statue is tall, with a full vestibule and bright eyes. He wore a long swallowtail crown, a combat shirt, armor on his chest, and his hands clenched in front of his abdomen. Maybe he still has some weapon in his left hand. His demeanor is resolute and natural, calm and calm, showing his general demeanor and strategizing, which is a true portrayal of the middle and upper military attache in Wei Town of Qin Dynasty at that time.
Kneeling warrior figures
"Kneeling Terracotta Warriors and Horses", made of pottery, with a height of 130 cm, is a terracotta warrior, unearthed in No.1 Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit on the east side of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong, Shaanxi.
The soldiers in the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty have various arms, distinct ranks and neat ranks, which embodies Qin Jun's strict establishment and powerful force. Terracotta warriors and horses used to form a strict lineup are all customized in strict accordance with grades and arms; The gestures and actions of characters also have certain norms. Their facial expressions are solemn, like living, well-trained and disciplined armed forces, which are about to go out or be inspected. Soldier figurines include cavalry figurines, infantry figurines and archers, among which kneeling warrior figurines are typical representatives of archers.
The terracotta warriors and horses in this work shoot on their knees, with their hair tied up in a crooked bun. He was wearing armor, with his right knee on the ground, his left knee bent and crouched, his right hand holding a bow, and his left hand gesturing to the right. When the pottery figurines were unearthed, there were rotten wooden bow relics and bronze clusters beside them, indicating that the warrior figurines originally used bows and arrows for actual combat as weapons. The soldier's expression is serious, and his body movements reflect his alert psychology, and he seems ready to join the battle at any time.
The whole work has clear characters, vivid images, accurate body structure, natural movements and full of internal motivation. This is a vivid portrayal of the image of the crossbowman at that time, reflecting the superb carving skills of sculptors in Qin Dynasty.