In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), Zhu Jinshi was the principal book of Tongan (now Fujian) in Quanzhou, where he called his disciples to give lectures and then returned to Nanyue Temple in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) to supervise the affairs. Xiaozong acceded to the throne, and Zhu He wrote to oppose peace talks. The first year of Longxing (1 163) was called to resume the main battle. Although the imperial court appointed officials many times, they all resigned because they disagreed with the rulers' political views. In the fifth year of Xichun (1 178), Shi Hao was once again the prime minister, and Zhu Xizhi was recommended to know Nankang Army (in present-day Xing Zi County, Jiangxi Province). He repeatedly refused to resign and went to work the next year. When visiting the site of Bailudong Academy, please repair the old concept, formulate study rules and give lectures. In eight years (1 18 1), Zhu was ordered to promote tea and salt business in Changping, eastern Zhejiang. The following year, Taizhou Taishou Tang was repeatedly impeached for violating the law and discipline. In the Tang Dynasty, he was the prime minister's in-laws, and Zhu temporarily suspended the throne because of anger and resigned. In the 14th year of Xichun (1 187), Zhou Bida was the prime minister and Zhu was the prisoner in Jiangxi. The following year, I was promoted to the Ministry of War Lang Guan and asked to return on the grounds of foot disease. In the sixteenth year of Xichun, Guangzong ascended the throne, served as the deputy ambassador of Jiangdong transshipment, resigned due to illness, and later changed to Zhangzhou (now Fujian). In the second year (1 19 1), Shao Xi resigned to Jianyang, and in the fifth year (1 194), he served as the ambassador to Hunan, restored Yuelu Academy, expanded the school and recruited scholars from all over the world. In the first year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1 195), Ning was waiting for Huan to give a lecture, but he stopped because he offended. The following year, Shi Jizu, the censor, illegally deceived others with his false learning, dismissed from office and returned to Jianyang to give lectures and write works.
Zhu Yisheng was concerned about the reality and was anxious about the present situation of Jin people invading south, land annexation, heavy taxes and people's livelihood hardship. He called for selecting talents, improving military and political affairs, caring for people's strength and realizing reunification. In the more than 50 years after the death of Jinshi, although he served as an official for only 9 years and served in the imperial court for only 40 days, he was able to get rid of the accumulated disadvantages, crack down on corrupt officials and save the people.
Zhu Yisheng's main energy is devoted to giving lectures and writing. Philosophically, he developed Cheng Zhu's theory of the relationship between justice and reason (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi), established a complete objective idealistic philosophy system, became the authentic philosophy of the feudal landlord class, and played a long-term negative role in the ideological field. The imperial examination after the Yuan Dynasty stipulated that scholars must take this book as the basis, give full play to its meaning and have great influence.
From a literary point of view, Zhu is similar to Er Cheng. He advocates the consistency of literature and Taoism, emphasizes the unity of literature and Taoism, and thinks that Taoism is the root of literature and literature is a branch of Taoism, and the two cannot be separated. He opposed the view that "literature runs through Taoism": "How can literature run through Taoism?" Zhuzi Folklore (volume 139) holds that as long as people practice Buddhism and are reasonable, literature can be produced with the emergence of Taoism, and a good article is the product of the integration of literature and Taoism. Therefore, he was dissatisfied with the importance attached to the role of prose by ancient writers in Tang and Song Dynasties, saying that they were "abandoning the source and pursuing the end". Accordingly, Zhu emphasized "ambition" in poetry, that is, poetry should have moral cultivation, which he thought would be a masterpiece. He opposed the clumsy theory from the aspects of meter and rhetoric, emphasized simplicity and naturalness, and formed the retro view in his poetic theory. However, in his specific articles about poetry, he has some fair opinions. For example, he thinks that learning poetry should start from The Book of Songs and Li Sao. On ancient poetry, attaching importance to Han and Wei dynasties and neglecting Qi and Liang Dynasties. The poems of Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu and Lu You, as well as the articles of Su Xun and Su Shi, are all to the point. Similarly, his Biography of Poetry and Notes on Songs of the South often show the realistic spirit of respecting facts and attaching importance to the role of literature in reflecting reality and expressing emotions.
In Taoism, Zhu's poems are the most artistic; In the literary world of the Southern Song Dynasty, his articles are also very distinctive.
Zhu's father Zhu Song and his teacher Liu Zi are famous poets. Influenced by them, Zhu can also write poems. He values ancient poetry and despises metrical poetry. They learn from the Han and Wei Dynasties, Tao Yuanming, and the Pu Poetry School of the Tang Dynasty, often to express their aspirations and feelings in order to express their "graceful" atmosphere and "neutral and dilute" mind. Short space, natural language, no allusions, good at sketching natural scenery. Duiyu, Rain in Yishui Temple on June 15th, Wuhou Temple in Wolong Temple and Water Curtain in Kangwang Valley are all representative works. In autumn, I went to visit Huang Zihou Ping Liu's father and his brothers and friends in the mountains. "The situation has returned to Hiderigami, and farmers have no surplus grain; What's wrong with naked children? Huang Jia is deeply worried. And I am eager to send it to the DPRK, and the political shortage has accumulated over time. Lying in an empty cupboard and worrying for a rainy day "reflects the urgent practical problems and expresses the feelings of worrying about the country and the people." "
In Zhu's view, rhythmic poetry pays attention to rhyme, belongs to it correctly, and uses words more than things, which is "beneficial to cleverness and secrecy" and harmful to the "expression of ambition" of poetry. However, he wrote many poems, and some chapters are worth reading. Five laws, such as Ascending to the King's Platform, are mostly selected from Old Selected Works. Six Poems "Worship Zhang Wei's Cemetery" reveal the darkness of state affairs by praising and mourning the patriotic veteran Zhang Jun. "If the public seeks to make full use of it, it will be handed over and transferred to the south." "The Central Plains is still raging, and there are several wolves in the world!" Sadness, anger, passion, words. His seven laws are also masterpieces, such as "The Rhyme of Wandering with Liu Shu": "Buckle your horn and listen to your sorrow, but you have no ambition! Friends are halfway across the mountain, leaving hurts the boss. Shang Xiyuan hides Jia Yi, so he doesn't have to drink and teach Si Yuan every day. " I am more helpless after my illness, so I would like to write a poem with you. "This is written after being exiled in his later years. The grief and indignation of serving the country without a door is expressed in desolate and euphemistic words, which is deeply distressing.
Zhu's seven unique skills are fresh and beautiful. Poems such as "Two Navigation at Shuikou", "Four quatrains of Yan Rui Road" and "Ten Poems of Wuyi" are full of charm.
Taoism uses poetry to reason, but what it writes is just "the rhyme of quotations and handouts." This kind of "poetry" also exists in Zhu's works, but the proportion is very small. At the same time, although some poems are reasonable, they are not abstract, but write objective scenery in a concrete way to inspire people. Such as "Spring Day": "Win the day to find the fragrance of the water and the shore, and the boundless scenery will be new for a while." Waiting for the east wind will always be spring. "Two Thoughts on Reading": "Half an acre of square pond is opened, and clouds are everywhere. "Ask how clear the canal is, because there is running water at the source." "Last night, the river was full of water, and Meng Chong ships were a dime a dozen." It has always been in vain, but today it is a free roaming. "Talking about scenery is philosophical and poetic. For example, in the seven laws "Ehu Temple and Lu Zishou", "the discussion of old knowledge is more advanced and the cultivation of new knowledge is more in-depth", which is direct and reasonable, but it is well-intentioned, and it is still quoted by people.
Zhu's articles are good at reasoning, and his style is similar to that of others. For example, Gengzi Ying Zhao Shi Feng thinks that "the great task of a country is to show sympathy for the people, but showing sympathy for the people means saving taxes, and saving taxes means running the army", which is rigorous in structure, meticulous in logic and plain in language, and can well represent his article style. Some of his short notes and scenes are quite literary. For example, The Story of Sun Shuo (Volume 7 1 of the Complete Works), with only 200 words, depicts the image of the surrenders through Sun Shuo's modality of "one stroke at a time" and the argument of "those who live in harmony with the sky", and satirizes them bitterly. Baizhang Mountain (Volume 78 of the Collected Works) gives a detailed and accurate account of the disappearance of rivers, waterfalls, distant mountains, sunshine and clouds. In the preface to seeing Guo off (volume 76 of the collected works), he first wrote his portrait as "the posture of the elk is the nature of the forest", and then he wrote that he would travel far away and wanted to draw the shape of a recluse gentleman, but he could not regret his behavior. Its land is shrinking, sages are in the wild, and political affairs are yellow. It is a famous article that has been told all the time.
Zhu Xi's Yu Saito Subcategory (volume 140) covers a wide range, which is the foundation work of the new bibliography after the Song Dynasty. This colloquial way of preaching and judging right and wrong is characterized by simplicity and approachability. For example, about Tao Qian's poem, he said, "Everyone says it is boring. According to some people, he is proud of it, but he is bold. " An article in Ode to Jing Ke reveals its true face. How can ordinary people say such a thing? On Huang Tingjian's Poems (genre volume 140): "If there are no strange words at the beginning of Li Sao, just say that it will be good; "Later, as Lu Zhi did, it was not good. (Genre Volume 139) Most of these words are faithful records of his usual language, and the mood and tone of the narrator are very infectious.
There are 100 volumes in Zhu Wen's official document collection, and there are four printed series. The sequel 1 1 volume, other volumes 10 volume, together with the anthology, was published as The Complete Works of Zhu Zi with four volumes of comments. There is also a line of Zhu Zi's poems, with a volume of *** 12, edited by Ming Cheng, and published in the sixteenth year of Zheng De (152 1). There are 140 volumes in Zhuzi, Chen Weiben and Shimen Lushiben in the ninth year of Chenghua (1473). There are new editions of Biography of Poetry and Songs of the South, which are published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.