In the first issue of Hebei Academic in 2002, Comrade Wang Shumin's academic paper "There was a Yu before Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties" was published. "Yu Chao" means "Yu Shun" in history books, referring to Yao Zhonghua in Shun Di. Yao Zhonghua, whose word is Jade, is a tribe of the clan commune. Why is it called Zhong Hua? Legend has it that Shun's eyes are double pupils, so they are "heavy". The word "Hua" may refer to China people of the Chinese nation. According to an article written by Yuncheng scholar Wang Xueqiao in Yuncheng Daily several years ago, the word "Huaxia" can be traced back to "Xia" in Xiaxian and "Hua" in Hejin. These two places are the birthplaces of the Chinese nation in China. According to Comrade Wang Shumin's paper, in the ancient history of China, it is generally called Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the world. Some ancient books are called Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. Before the Xia Dynasty, the only political deeds that were clearly praised were the demise of Yao, Shun and Yu. It is said that Shun was in power for 50 years. In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the number handed down was 100, and the names of emperors were all above 10. As a dynasty, you Yu seems very reluctant. But "Everything is done in leisure" says that "Yu Xia is over 2,000 years old". According to this statement, the Youyu family is not just a generation of 50 years. Today's history books say that "the Xia Dynasty ruled for more than 400 years". Last year, I saw the latest research results of historians' dynastic history in CCTV, and determined that the Xia Dynasty was 47 1 year, and based on this, it was calculated as 1520. Wang Shumin's textual research shows that Guoyu, Zuozhuan, Historical Records, Wudide De and Royal Family Names can be classified into the Yu lineage with the surname 15, which means that there were 15 emperors in the Yu dynasty. Since there is the surname Yu, it is not difficult to draw a correct conclusion about its historical position.
According to the latest local chronicles of Yongji, the first sentence of Preface to Yongji County written by the magistrate in the Qing Dynasty in 12 (A.D. 1886) is: "Since Pubanyu, people who have traveled all over the world have seen it all through the ages, and the eyes of the river have been covered." Since it is called the Jade Emperor, it can be seen that it is a dynasty. The longest feudal dynasty in China was Kangxi 6 1 year in Qing Dynasty, so it is estimated that there were at least twenty-four dynasties in slave society. If Shun reigned for 50 years, there would be at least 30 generations of Yu Dynasty. On this basis, Comrade Wang Shumin's viewpoint that "You Yujia has more than one generation in fifty years" can be completely established.
If the argument of Yu Chaozhi's theory is established and confirmed, the general term of China's history will change. Change "five thousand years in China" to "six thousand years in China" and "five thousand years in Chinese civilization" to "six thousand years in Chinese civilization". If so, the popularity of Yongji history will be greatly improved today.
★ Legend about Yu
Xiaogan Moving Heaven (from Twenty-four Filial Pieties)
Once upon a time, in the Han Dynasty, there was an emperor named Yao Mingshun, who was the son of Zuo Sao. He was born filial, but his father was a completely rude person and his mother was a completely disloyal woman. He also has a younger brother named Xiang, who is even more arrogant and doesn't love his younger brother. Although he was born in such a bad family, he has no resentment at all, and still respects his parents and loves his brother. When he was not an emperor, he often cultivated land at the foot of Mount Li. Some people use his long nose to help Shun plow the fields, and some birds use his sharp claws to help Shun weed. His filial piety even touched animals. When Tang Yao, the emperor at that time, heard that there was such a filial piety, he sent nine people to serve him. He also married his two daughters to Shun. Later, when he was old, he gave up the world to Shun, who became the emperor of Yu and became the emperor with a civilian, all because of his filial piety!
Yu is said to be an independent dynasty.
Youyu is an ancient country in ancient times and an independent dynasty name before Xia Dynasty. The famous holy king Shun in ancient legend is the leader of the endangered tribe. The dynasties before the summer were in peril, but in the Spring and Autumn Period, people spoke with confidence. Unfortunately, after the Spring and Autumn Period, documents were lost, and a lot of historical materials about Yu were lost. After the Warring States period, most of the legends about dangerous history described in the literature have been processed and transformed by philosophers, and their credibility has greatly declined. After the rise of the ideological trend of distinguishing forgeries in modern times, the scholars of ancient historiography simply wrote off the Yu Dynasty from the history of belief, and attributed the ancient history before the summer to the era of myths and legends. The establishment of Xia Dynasty was the beginning of China's class society, which not only expanded the influence of Yu Fei's theory, but also promoted the integration of Yu Fei's theory and Yu Shu's primitive social theory. In this way, when we discuss the beginning of China's class society, we have to go back and re-examine Yu Fei's argument.
The core theory of ancient history school is the concept of "accumulation leads to ancient history". The first meaning caused by accumulation is that "the later the times, the longer the legendary ancient history period", "for example, if you accumulate wages, you will catch up later". At first, Mr. Gu Jiegang thought that Confucius had Yao and Shun. Later, his disciples revised this statement, saying that the chapters mentioned in the Analects of Confucius were not credible. Ancient history can be traced back to Yu Xia in the literature before the Spring and Autumn Period, and the dynasties before the Zhou Dynasty were only Xia and Yin. The Yu Dynasty was added by Mohism to promote the theory of abdication. In fact, Yao and Shun are just the division of "gods", not real historical figures. On this basis, they come to the conclusion that before the Spring and Autumn Period, people only had the concept of "three generations" of Xia, Shang and Zhou, but never the concept of "four generations" of Shang and Zhou or "three generations" of Shang and Zhou. All the ancient records with Yu as the name of the dynasty were in the late period after the Warring States Period. Although the concept of "accumulated ancient history" has a reasonable component, Yao and Shun's division as gods obviously confuses the boundaries between historical legends and deism. More arbitrarily, the Yu Dynasty was founded in the Warring States Period. In Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, there are countless sentences connected by Yu, Xia, Shang and Thursday, most of which are relayed from people's dialogues in the Spring and Autumn Period. Just because the dialogues between people in the Spring and Autumn Period recorded in these two books were written in the Warring States period, it cannot be concluded that they are all false theories of people in the Warring States period. Moreover, "three generations" is a concept that changes with the times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, people already had the fact that the Western Zhou Dynasty was dead and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty still existed. When we have to distinguish the death or continuation of Zhou from different angles, we use two different "three generations" concepts: Zhou and Shang. The most obvious example is Zuo Zhuan? In the thirty-second year of Zhao Gong, Shi Mo's words were proved: "The country is impermanent, and the monarch and ministers are impermanent. Since ancient times, this is natural ... the surname of the three queens is common today, and the Lord knows it. " The "last" person is the monarch, and the "ordinary" person is the son of heaven, with different surnames. People who are "ordinary in the present" say that these three generations used to be the sons of heaven, and the surname was Di before the week, but now with the loss of the status of the sons of heaven, they have already become ordinary surnames. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the surname Ji was still a direct surname. What about "Ordinary Today" three generations instead of Shang three generations? In the "last three generations", Xia and Shang Dynasties were all independent dynasties. Why did Yu Chao make an exception? Not only that, because Yu Wei is no different from Xia and Shang Dynasties, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he also gave preferential treatment to future generations, saying, "Yong used Yuan's daughter to match her, and sealed Zhu Chenhao for three reasons" ("Zuo Zhuan? Twenty-five years of "xianggong"). Chen, Song and Qi were also called "three guests", which was received by Zhou people and confirmed the historical status of Yu, Xia and Shang kings. It can be seen that the concept of the three generations of Yu Xia and Shang Dynasty was formed as early as the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Otherwise, why did Zhou people not exclude Chen from the so-called "respecting the sages and not respecting the second generation" in the late Confucianism, but only prepared for Qi and Song Dynasties? Why don't you add the Yellow Emperor who was sealed in Zhu and the Yao Hou who was sealed in Ji together and call it the "Five Chiefs"?
Judging from the evolution of the ancient social system in China, the formation of class society in China was not realized on the basis of the complete disintegration of the original public ownership and the transfer of land to the private ownership of clan members, but was completed under the condition that the public ownership of land still existed, only the polarization between the rich and the poor and the class opposition between clan dignitaries and ordinary clan members appeared within the clan. Related to this, the formation of China ancient state was not along the road that regional organizations replaced consanguinity, and the newly established public authority gradually rejected clan and tribal organizations, but along the road that clan and tribal organizations were transformed into state organs. Therefore, to explore the transformation of China from primitive society to class society, we should not stick to whether the private ownership of land is established and whether the geographical relationship completely replaces the blood relationship, but should focus on whether the clan dignitaries are formed and whether the clan tribal organizations degenerate into tools for the aristocratic class to exploit and oppress clan members and slaves internally and control and oppress foreigners externally. According to the above viewpoints, I think Yu can be divided into two periods: from Zhuan Xu to Yumen in the early stage and from Yumen to Shun in the later stage. The legend that Zhuan Xu is the "emperor" reflects that Youyu tribe once occupied a leading position among the tribes of Dongyi, and then became the leader of the three tribes of Huang, Yan and Yi, but the real prosperity of Youyu tribe began from the curtain. The ritual of "reporting" in the curtain shows that his historical position in Yu is equivalent to that of the Shang Dynasty's merchant Jia Wei and the Zhou Dynasty's high king, while the record of "the curtain came without disobedience" reveals that the descendants of the curtain occupied the position of tribal leaders from generation to generation, and the clan dignitaries rose to the ruling class of society. Son Shun was promoted to "the son of heaven", which is not only the powerful performance of threatened tribes, but also the result of the active promotion of clan dignitaries, and its social foundation is no different from that of Shang Tang. After Shun proclaimed himself emperor, he appointed various official positions and ordered the enactment of criminal law. State institutions have already had a framework and functions similar to those of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At the same time, with the rise of its leader status, the threatened tribe becomes the dominant tribe, while other tribes become subordinate. All these show that the social system in the later period of Yu is essentially different from the primitive society, which is close to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The key step in the transformation from primitive society to "three generations" society is that clan dignitaries are promoted to the ruling class of society, which is the first measure taken in times of crisis. Therefore, we assume that China's class society began in the second half of the crisis, and its relative age may be hundreds or even thousands of years earlier.