Introduction to Confucius
[Edit this paragraph]
Confucius (September 28, 551 BC to April 11, 479 BC) was named Qiu, with the courtesy name Zhongni, a native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Han nationality. English: Confucius, Kung Tze. A great thinker, politician, educator in ancient China, the founder of Confucianism, and a world cultural celebrity. Confucius' words and deeds are mainly recorded in the Analects, a collection of quotation-style prose, and the Five Classics.
The Confucius brothers ranked second, so some people call them "Confucius' second brother". A native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He was born on September 28, 551 BC (the twenty-seventh day of the eighth lunar month) in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province); on April 11, 479 BC (the second month of the lunar calendar) He died on the 11th at the age of 72 and was buried on the Surabaya River in the north of Qufu City, where Confucius is today.
Confucius’s ancestors were aristocrats of the Song Dynasty, and they declined a few generations before Confucius. Confucius served as several minor officials when he was young, but he spent most of his life engaged in education. It is said that he had as many as 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. He taught many knowledgeable and talented students, "the world is full of students. "That's where it comes from. Confucius served as the military commander of the State of Lu, and later traveled around the country with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the State of Lu and concentrated on teaching. In the five thousand years of Chinese history, the person who had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation was Confucius. When he was alive, he was known as the "Holy Saint", "Muduo of Heaven" and "Eternal Saint". He was one of the most erudite scholars in the society at that time, and was revered as the Holy Saint (the Saint among Saints) and the Eternal Saint by later generations. Teacher's example. He was named Qiu because his parents once prayed for a son in Niqiu Mountain. He edited "Poetry" and "Books", settled "Rites" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes" and wrote "Spring and Autumn".
Confucius’ thoughts and theories had a profound impact on later generations. Jiang Guanghui believes that “faced with the reality of the Spring and Autumn Period when princes were constantly fighting and the people were suffering, Confucius did not create an external, transcendent, omniscient and omnipotent savior like religious scientists—regulating people’s thoughts and behaviors through revelations and oracles. Instead, we look back at history and look for wisdom from the ancient "sage kings". Confucius said that he "states without writing". In fact, he uses "narrating" as "writing" and achieves the superposition and integration of values ??through contemporary interpretations of historical traditions. Transformation. He is upright, optimistic, and enterprising. He pursues truth, goodness, and beauty throughout his life, and pursues an ideal society throughout his life. His success and failure are all related to the strengths and weaknesses of his character. It has influenced Chinese people for thousands of years, especially Chinese intellectuals.
Political career
[Edit this paragraph]
Confucius has been around since he was more than 20 years old. Since he was young, he wanted to pursue an official career, so he paid great attention to world affairs. He often thought about various issues in governing the country and often expressed his opinions. By the time he was 30 years old, he was already somewhat famous. In the 20th year of Lu Zhaogong, Qi Jinggong visited. The Lu State summoned Confucius to discuss with him the issue of Duke Mu of Qin's hegemony, and Confucius got to know Duke Jin of Qi. In the 27th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. After hearing this, Confucius asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said: "I am old and can't use it. " Confucius had no choice but to flee back to the state of Lu in panic. In the state of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave up until Lu Ding In the 9th year of Gong's reign, Confucius was appointed Prime Minister of Zhongdu. Confucius was already 51 years old. In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius tried to weaken the Three Huans (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family), so they were called Sanhuan because they were the three grandsons of Duke Huan of Lu. The political power of the Lu state at that time was actually in their hands. , and some of Sanhuan's retainers controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), and took measures to defeat Sanhuan (that is, demolishing the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, the action of defeating Sanhuan was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan also ended. Then it was exposed. In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the state of Qi sent 80 beauties to the state of Lu. The Ji Huan family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored the government for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon the state of Lu held a suburban sacrifice to offer sacrifices. Later, when sending the sacrificial meat to the officials as usual, he did not give it to Confucius, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. One year, Confucius was 55 years old.
Confucius took his disciples to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius and gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but did not give him anything. He was not allowed to participate in political affairs due to his official position. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions, so Confucius took his disciples with him. He left the Kingdom of Wei and planned to go to the Kingdom of Chen. When he passed by Kuangcheng, he was besieged for five days due to a misunderstanding. Returning to the state of Wei, Duke Linggong of Wei was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally.
After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return.
In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei and traveled through Cao, Song, and Zheng to Chen. He lived in Chen for three years. Wu attacked Chen and the war was in chaos, so Confucius took his disciples to leave. , the people of Chu heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, and sent people to meet Confucius. The officials of Chen and Cai knew that Confucius had objections to what they were doing, and were afraid that Confucius would be re-employed in Chu, which would be detrimental to them, so they sent laborers to besiege Confucius' master and disciples in the middle of the road, without any access to the village. After leaving the store, he ate all the food he had brought and was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. When he was 68 years old, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery.
Confucius’ character
[Edit this paragraph]
Be so angry that you forget to eat, and you are happy and forget your worries
When Confucius was 63 years old, he once said this Describing himself: "I am so angry that I forget to eat, and I am so happy that I forget my worries. I don't know how old I am." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the country for nine years. After going through many hardships, he not only failed to be appointed by the princes, but also almost died. Don’t be discouraged, remain optimistic, and stick to your ideals, even when you know you can’t do them. Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without justice is like floating clouds to me." In Confucius' mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When there is a conflict between wealth and poverty and morality, he would rather suffer poverty than give up morality. However, his belief in living in poverty and enjoying the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. This is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " Being rich can be sought after, even if it is a man with a whip, I will do it. If it is not possible, I will follow what I like."
Be tireless in learning and tireless in teaching
Confucius is famous for his love of learning. , showed a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was famous at that time and was almost regarded as an omniscient sage. However, Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said: "The sage is my No, I am never tired of learning, and I am never tired of teaching." Confucius studied impermanence. He would worship anyone who had knowledge and something he didn't know as his teacher. Therefore, he said, "If three people are walking together, they must be my teacher." . Walking the Straight Path Confucius was an upright man by nature and advocated walking the straight path. He once said: "As for me, who will discredit and who will praise me? Those who are praised will have to be tested. As for the people, the reason why the three generations have been straight and straight "Historical Records" records that when Confucius was in his thirties, he asked Laozi for courtesy. When he was leaving, Laozi said: "Those who are wise and thoughtful and close to the dead are those who are good at discussing others and endangering themselves." People are evil. He who is the son of others should not be self-reliant, and he who is the subject of others should not be self-respected." This was Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius. He also pointed out some of Confucius's shortcomings, which were that he looked at problems too deeply and spoke too sharply, which hurt him. Some people with status will bring great danger to themselves. Be kind to others Confucius founded a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is the evil of being an adult", "Be kind to yourself and blame others less", etc. are all his principles of life.
Confucius’ Thoughts
[Edit this paragraph]
The essence of Confucius’ thoughts and doctrines can be found in the book "The Analects", *** Twenty articles, more than 11,000 words. The Analects of Confucius contains quotations from Confucius, and some are records of the words and deeds of Confucius's disciples. They are the recollections of Confucius' words and deeds by Confucius's disciples and his subsequent disciples. This book had a profound and huge impact on Chinese history. Its ideological content, way of thinking, and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives, and formed the personality of our nation. The book "The Analects of Confucius" focuses on the core connotation of Confucianism - benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are nothing more than means, serving the ultimate perfection of the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of Chinese culture, "The Analects of Confucius" was introduced to North Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties. Japan's "Dabao Order" also designated it as a compulsory course for Japanese students. After the missionary Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, and was widely spread in Western countries.
Confucius’s thought centered on “benevolence” and believed that “benevolence” means “loving others”. He put forward arguments such as "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "", advocated the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and believed that the implementation of "benevolent government" should be based on "propriety": "Restraining oneself and restoring propriety is benevolence." Regarding the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, they adopt a skeptical attitude, thinking that "if you don't know life, how can you know about ghosts" and "if you don't know fate, you can't be a gentleman". He also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the views of "learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril" and "reviewing the past to learn the new" and other views. He pioneered the private teaching style, advocating teaching in accordance with aptitude, "teaching without distinction", "never getting tired of learning and teaching others", emphasizing that "a gentleman will love others when he learns the Tao, and a villain will learn the Tao easily".
In politics, he put forward the idea of ??"rectification of names", believing that "lords, ministers, fathers, sons and sons" should all live up to their "names", and proposed that "not worry about fewness but about inequality, not worry about poverty but worry about insecurity" point of view. Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucianism has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years and has had a profound influence.
When it comes to governing the country, Confucius paid great attention to the suffering of the people, called for benevolent government, and hoped that rulers would treat the people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than a tiger." He also emphasized that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must We must first set an example, "If your body is upright, you can do it without being told; if your body is not upright, you can't do it even if you are told." In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness.
"Loyalty" means treating people with loyalty and honesty, and treating things with due diligence; "forgiveness" means treating oneself with respect to others, "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you, do not do to others." "The beauty of a gentleman is not to do to others." The evil of adulthood.” In dealing with the world, Confucius advocated self-love and love for others. Confucius was cautious about destiny, and he believed more in man's own power. He believes that "sexuality is similar, but habits are far apart", and everything depends on the individual's acquired efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in "The Analects" that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, his overemphasis on hierarchy and order, his introverted personality value orientation, etc., all of which are undeniable. The development of Chinese society has brought negative impacts, and we need to correct them with modern consciousness. But the flaws do not hide the flaws. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization had just begun to dawn, our ancestors had such profound wisdom about life, which is enough to make us descendants proud of it.
The new development of Confucian thought in modern times refers to the New Confucianism that emerged under the conditions of the collision and blending of Chinese and Western civilizations after the introduction of modern Western civilization into China. The emerging "popular Confucianism" is another result of the development of contemporary New Confucianism.
Attachment:
"Knowledge" - the essence of Confucius' thought
Confucius is not only a great thinker, but also a great educator. Many meaningful and inspiring educational ideas and methods of acquiring knowledge have been summarized in educational practice. In an era of great social change such as the late Spring and Autumn Period, the conservative slave-owning aristocracy was unable to cope with the changes in real life. It was also impossible for the slave-owning aristocracy itself to cultivate talents that could adapt to the requirements of social development. But from the perspective of the development of the entire society, a group of talented people are needed to solve the various complex problems that occur in real society. Confucius adapted to the needs of the society at that time, gave people knowledge through education, and became the earliest educator in the history of our country.
Confucius proposed that "there is no distinction between education and distinction". Although there are various interpretations of this sentence, it involves expanding the scope of education so that the people who receive education are not limited to slave owners and nobles. There should be no doubt that of. Confucius himself practiced his idea of ??"education without distinction", so he said: "As long as you give me ten pieces of dried meat as tuition, I will never fail to teach." ("The Analects of Confucius·Shuer") This approach of his , played a big role in the talent problem that urgently needed to be solved at that time. Of course, Confucius' "education without distinction" is not for all classes, nor is it for cultivating talents to serve the whole people, but to cultivate more talented people who can adapt to the requirements of social development and serve the ruling class. . Even so, Confucius' educational activities ended the "official learning" monopolized by the aristocrats in the past, and began the private teaching of knowledge. The so-called "academic common people" originated from Confucius. From this point of view, it was beneficial to the development of society at that time.
Not only that, through his long-term educational practice, Confucius summed up a lot of experiences that are consistent with people's cognitive laws. However, Confucius's thoughts in this regard are not a matter of epistemology itself, but mainly about education. Summary and summary of methods and methods of seeking knowledge.
First of all, Confucius emphasized that people’s knowledge comes from learning. Although he also talked about "general knowledge" and "only superior wisdom and inferior foolishness remain unchanged", it shows that Confucius is still bound by traditional thinking. But we can see from his specific educational activities that he does not attach great importance to this. What he said is that "sexuality is similar, habits are far apart" is his own opinion, which is obviously inconsistent with the view of "generating knowledge". Confucius never considered himself to be "supremely wise", nor did he say which person was "supremely wise". He even believed that Yao and Shun also made mistakes. Regarding himself, he said: "I am not a person who is born with knowledge. I love the ancients and am keen to pursue them." ("The Analects of Confucius·Shuer") He is very studious. His own comment to himself is: "One of the ten most talented people in the world." In the city, there must be someone as loyal as Qiu, who is not as eager to learn as Qiu Zhi." ("The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang") He praised the studious student Yan Hui and said: "There was Yan Hui who was eager to learn, but unfortunately he died short-lived. This is also the case today." "("The Analects of Confucius") Zi Gong asked: "What does Confucius call Wen?" Confucius replied: "He is quick and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask questions. This is why he is called Wen." 》) It can be seen that Confucius paid great attention to learning and believed that human knowledge comes from learning, and human moral character can also be obtained through learning. Therefore, what he said about "generating knowledge" has almost become an empty talk, and he did not pay attention to it in fact.
The knowledge that Confucius advocates learning generally has two aspects: First, knowledge gained from studying ancient documents and regulations and systems, which can be said to be historical knowledge. The Analects records that Confucius learned from the past There are many ways to gain knowledge from historical documents and regulations. He himself said that he "states without writing, and believes in the past."
In the "The Analects of Confucius Xiangdang", except for a few sections, most of them talk about ancient systems, and Confucius studied these things. Judging from the content of Confucius's teachings, most of them are ancient documents, regulations and systems, etc. "Confucius used four kinds of content to educate students: documents from past dynasties, rules of life and behavior, loyalty to friends, and faithfulness to friends." ("The Analects of Confucius") ·Shuer") The "documents of the past dynasties" mentioned here are "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", "Music" and so on. The second is knowledge gained from real life, which can be said to be practical knowledge. But Confucius mainly paid attention to observation and not much to practice. In particular, he despised production practice. In the Analects of Confucius, there are many places where Confucius advocated paying attention to learning in life. For example, he said: "If you hear more, choose the good ones and follow them; if you see more, you will know them." , choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones" ("The Analects of Confucius·Shu Er"), "Don't be ashamed to ask" and so on. But it was very wrong for Confucius to despise production practice. Once his student Fan Chi asked him for advice on growing crops and vegetables. Not only did he say that he was inferior to old farmers and vegetable growers, he also scolded Fan Chi and said: "Fan Chi is really a bastard." You villain! If a ruler values ??propriety, the people will not dare to be disrespectful; if a ruler values ??righteousness, the people will not dare to disobey; if a ruler values ??trustworthiness, the people will not dare to conceal the true feelings. , people from all over will come to seek refuge with their children on their backs, so there is no need to grow crops by yourself!" ("The Analects of Confucius·Zilu") Confucius said such words to show that he was a thinker of the exploiting class, and the exploiting class has always been himself. Do not work and despise work.
Secondly, Confucius summarized certain laws of learning and came up with some general laws for understanding things, which he used as his method to guide students to learn.
He proposed that repeated learning can make people understand more deeply and acquire new knowledge. He said: "Review the past and learn the new" ("The Analects of Confucius: Weizheng"), "Learn and practice from time to time" "("The Analects of Confucius·Xueer") etc., this is what it means. Although Confucius did not explicitly talk about the laws of development of things that can be obtained by analyzing past experience, he already knew that experience can be learned from past knowledge, which is helpful for understanding current things. Confucius often asked others for advice, learned knowledge from others, and then used it to teach others. He said: "Do I have a lot of knowledge? No. An ordinary person asked me, and I didn't know anything about his question. But after cross-examining both sides of his question, I got a lot of inspiration, and then told him as much as I could." ("The Analects of Confucius·Zihan")
Confucius also summed up "learning" from educational practice. " and the relationship between "thinking". Although the relationship between "learning" and "thinking" he mentioned is not necessarily the relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge, it is also the relationship between how other people's experiences become one's own knowledge through thinking. "Learning" means learning from other people's experiences and learning from real life, and "thinking" means digesting other people's experiences and what is learned from real life through thinking and turning it into one's own knowledge, so he said: "Learning is If you don’t think, you will be in vain; if you think without learning, you will be in danger” ("The Analects of Confucius: Weizheng"). If you only learn the knowledge of the predecessors without thinking yourself, you can only stay in confusion and not know what is right or wrong; you can only think out of thin air. If you don’t learn and make use of the knowledge and experience of your predecessors, you will achieve nothing. It seems that although Confucius also attached great importance to "thinking", he paid more attention to "learning". He believed that "learning" is the basis of "thinking", so he said: "I try not to eat all day long and stay up all night to think. "If it is useless, it is better to learn." ("The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong") Generally speaking, the history of human understanding always attaches great importance to "learning" (direct experience and indirect experience), and then gradually pays attention to "thinking" (summarizing and finding experiences). (out of the law), Confucius began to realize the relationship between the two through his personal educational practice, and started from paying attention to "learning" to the understanding stage of paying attention to "thinking".
Confucius believed that knowledge should be as rich as possible, and he himself was a learned and versatile person. However, Confucius believed that profound knowledge must have a central idea to run through it, which is what he called "consistency." Only by discovering "one", which is the central idea, or the essence, can we connect many seemingly incoherent knowledge. Of course, according to Confucius's entire thought, the essence of this "one" that runs through everything is what he called "benevolence." He said: "If a person is not benevolent, what is the courtesy? If a person is not benevolent, what will be the joy?" ("The Analects of Confucius·Bayi") He also said: "A gentleman will never violate benevolence, and he will do it if he makes mistakes, and he will end up with misfortune." " ("The Analects of Confucius·Li Ren"); "Do your duty and do not give in to the teacher." According to Confucius, on the one hand, everything must be treated with "benevolence", but on the other hand, it means that everyone should have requirements for themselves, regard themselves as a "person", and stand on their own feet. Therefore, the "benevolence" he mentioned includes the view of attaching importance to the role of human beings in terms of the relationship between class and individual. This view not only runs through his educational thoughts, but also runs through his entire theory. .
Education Contribution
[Edit this paragraph]
Since the year of "Li", Confucius has written "Poems", "Books", "Li" and "Li". "Music" as a teaching, and more importantly, every word and deed, every movement and silence of his great personality was used as a teaching. It was he who pioneered private lectures in the history of our country, transplanting the phenomenon that was previously learned in the government and cultural knowledge was the exclusive preserve of the aristocrats to the people. He first put forward the policy of "education without distinction", and everyone, regardless of wealth or wealth, could receive education from him.
Among the disciples, they were as poor as Yan Hui, as rich as Zigong, and as noble as Meng Yizi. However, the vast majority were common people, and some came from Wei, Qi, Chen, Wu... and other countries. It can be said that the world is full of students. The purpose of his teaching was to impart his doctrine of humanity. That is to deny oneself and restore propriety to benevolence, change the students' temperament, achieve personality, improve the realm of life, and finally achieve perfection. That is to say, they create the pillars that will govern the country and bring peace to the world. We also use "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and heuristic methods to cultivate students' ability to "learn and learn from time to time", "review the past and learn the new", "learn without thinking, you will be in vain, think without learning, you will be in danger", "knowing is knowing, "I don't know because I don't know", "When three people are walking together, there must be my teacher", "Don't be ashamed to ask questions" and other styles. Moreover, with his tireless teaching spirit, he cared for his students like a loving mother, guided them on the right path like a strict father, and learned from each other like friends. All of them were accomplished because of their talents. Such as Zi Gao's stupidity, Zeng Shen's Lu, Zi Zhang's extreme, Zi Lu's vulgarity... they all become great tools. In particular, Zengzi was able to acquire the whole Tao and take up the responsibility of preaching, becoming a sage. There are even more outstanding people who are distinguished by their virtues: Yan Hui, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, and Zhong Gong. Language: Zaiwo, Zigong. Political affairs: Ran Qiu, Zi Lu. Literature: Ziyou and Zixia are the top ten in the four subjects. Confucius had three thousand disciples. There are two out of seventy people who are proficient in the six arts. Therefore, the vast traditional culture can be promoted and passed down.
Confucius' famous sayings
[Edit this paragraph]
If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand up.
Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.
If you want to establish yourself, you can establish others; if you want to reach yourself, you can reach others.
If you are generous to yourself but do not blame others, you will be far away from resentment.
When you see a virtuous person, you think about them; when you see a virtuous person, you introspect yourself.
When three people walk together, they must have a teacher. I will choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones.
Be respectful wherever you live, be respectful in your work, and be loyal to others.
A gentleman is respectful and courteous, and he is respectful and courteous to others. He is a brother in the world.
His words are loyal and his actions are respectful. This is true even in a barbaric country. If you are not faithful in words and respectful in deeds, how can you do it even if you live in the state?
A person who behaves in his own way is shameful and can be used in all directions without dishonoring the emperor's order. He can be called a scholar.
Confucius said: "He who can do the five things is benevolent in the world." Please ask. Said: "Gong, generosity, trust, sensitivity, and benefit. Being respectful means not insulting, being lenient means winning people, being trustworthy means being able to do whatever you want, being sensitive means being successful, and being merciful means being able to win over others."
A gentleman takes righteousness as a pledge, conducts it with propriety, develops it as a grandson, and fulfills it with faith. What a gentleman!
To make mistakes without correcting them is to say that you have made mistakes!
If it is passed, it will be changed in a hurry.
Don’t express your anger and don’t make mistakes.
Three armies can seize the commander, but an ordinary man cannot seize the will!
If a person has no long-term worries, he must have immediate worries.
No desire for haste, no small gains in sight. If you want haste, you will not achieve anything; if you see small gains, you will not achieve great things.
If one is not committed to virtue and does not have a firm belief in the truth, how can one live or die?
When making friends, keep your word.
Use literature to make friends, and friends to help people.
Three friends will benefit you, and three friends will harm you. Friends who are straight, friends who are understanding, and friends who are knowledgeable are beneficial. If you have friends, you will be brave. If you are friendly, you will be gentle. If you have friends, you will be sycophantic, which is a loss.
A gentleman wants to be slow in words but quick in deeds.
A gentleman who has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, who is sensitive to things but careful in his words, is Taoist and upright, and he can be said to be eager to learn.
Spoken words confuse morality.
Known words and charming words are fresh and benevolent.
Strongness, perseverance, woodiness, indifference and benevolence.
Those who are virtuous must educate themselves in words, but those who are eloquent do not need to cultivate virtues.
Listen to his words and watch his actions.
You don’t use your words to lift people up, and you don’t use people to trash your words.
The ancients could not say anything, and they could not catch it in shame.
The name of a gentleman must be eloquent, and his words must be actionable. A gentleman is nothing more than scrupulous about his words.
If you can talk to someone but don't talk to them, you will miss someone; if you talk to someone you can't talk to, you will lose your words. He who knows does not lose people, nor does he lose words.
To say something without mentioning it is called impatience; to say something but not say anything is called concealment; to say it without seeing the color is called blindness.
If you love benevolence but don’t learn, you will be a fool; if you love knowledge but don’t learn, you will be blind; if you love faith but don’t learn, you will be a thief; if you love straightforwardness but don’t learn, then you will be blind; if you love to be brave but don’t learn, then you will be blind. If you love to learn, you will be confused; if you are rigid and don't want to learn, you will be crazy.
If you are respectful but rude, you will be tired; if you are cautious but rude, you will be embarrassed; if you are brave but rude, you will be chaotic; if you are straight but rude, you will be strangled.
Serve the king, respect his duties and then eat them.
As for the purpose of etiquette, harmony is the most precious thing.
Those who act in favor of profit will have many complaints.
Don’t worry about others but you don’t know yourself, and you don’t know others when you are worried.
Three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages.
Isn’t it great to learn and practice it from time to time? Isn’t it great to have friends from far away? Isn't it a gentleman if a person doesn't know something but doesn't get upset?
When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither.
The wise enjoy the water, the benevolent enjoy the mountains. The wise are active, the benevolent are still. The wise are happy and the benevolent live long.
Is it tolerable? Which one is intolerable?
Main Disciples
[Edit this paragraph]
It is said that Confucius had as many as three thousand disciples, 72 of whom had great achievements, among whom the most important The following are:
Yan Hui: (521 BC to 481 BC) a native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Zi Yuan, Yi Yan Yuan, Confucius's most favored disciple. "Yong Ye" said that he "has a basket of food and a ladle of drink. In the back alleys, people can't bear their worries, and they will not change their happiness when they return." He is humble and eager to learn, and "does not express anger or make mistakes". He respected his teacher very much and was dissatisfied with Confucius for not obeying him in everything.
Yan Yuan was famous for his virtues, and Confucius praised him as "the virtuous Hui Ye", "Hui Ye, his heart is not violated and benevolent" ("Yong Ye"). Unfortunately died early. Since the Han Dynasty, Yan Hui has been listed as the first of the seventy-two sages. Sometimes when offering sacrifices to Confucius, Yan Hui is the only one to be honored. Since then, rulers of all dynasties have continued to add posthumous titles: Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty honored him as the "Xianshi", Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty honored him as "Gong Yan", Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty added the title of "Gong Yanguo", and Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty also honored him as "Fushenggong Yanguo". In the ninth year of Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed "Fusheng". There is also the "Fusheng Temple" in Qufu, Shandong.
Zhong Yuan (542 BC to 480 BC), also known as Zilu and Jilu, was a native of Bian, Lu State (now Bianqiao Village, Quanlin Town, Sishui County, Shandong Province). He was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was famous for his political affairs. He is an upright and reckless person, brave and filial to family members. In addition to studying poetry and etiquette, he also drove Confucius' carriage and served as a bodyguard. He traveled around the world with Confucius and was highly regarded. Confucius praised him and said: "Zi Lu is very brave. I am happy to hear about it." When Confucius was serving as the Sikou of the State of Lu, he served as the Prime Minister of the Jisun family, and later as the Prime Minister of the great minister Kong Li. In the first year of Wei Zhuang (480 BC), Kong Li's mother Bo Ji and others conspired to make Kuai Chi (Bo Ji's younger brother) king, and forced Kong Li to kill the guards and go to public service. He fled after hearing the news. After Zilu heard the news outside, he went into the city to see Kuai Chi. Kuai Chi ordered Shi Qi to shoot down Zilu's crown tassel with a sword. Zilu's eyes were split open, and he sternly shouted: "When a gentleman dies, his crown is inevitable." He resolutely tied up his hat tassel and died calmly.
Zigong: His surname is Duanmu, his given name is Ci, and his courtesy name is Zigong. He is one of the seventy-two sages of the Confucian sect, and he is one of the outstanding ones in linguistics. Confucius once called it "the weapon of Hulian". He is eloquent, good at eloquence, capable and knowledgeable. He once served as the prime minister of Lu and Wei. He was also good at doing business. He once did business between Cao and Lu and became rich. He is the richest among Confucius' disciples. Sima Qian's "Historical Records: Biographies of Zhongni's Disciples" devoted the most ink to the character Zigong, and his biography was the longest among the disciples of Confucius in terms of length. This phenomenon shows that in Sima Qian's eyes, Zigong is a very unusual figure. If we follow Sima Qian's idea and carefully read "The Analects" and other books, we can see that Zigong is an extraordinary character. His influence and role are unparalleled among Confucius disciples: he has excellent academic performance, rich cultural accomplishments, outstanding political and diplomatic abilities, and superb financial management and business abilities. Among the disciples of Confucius, Zigong was the one who best combined learning and practice.
Yan Yan (506 BC ~ 443 BC) was the only southern disciple of Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period. Ziyou, also known as Shushi. Changshu people. At the age of 22, he left his hometown and went north to worship Confucius as his teacher and became one of the seventy-two sages among his three thousand disciples. Modesty and studious, he was good at literature. He once served as the governor of Wucheng in the state of Lu. He educated the people with rituals and music. The sound of string singing could be heard everywhere in the territory, which was highly praised by Confucius. After completing his studies, he returned to the South and had countless disciples from his travels. He was known as the first person to spread Southeastern culture. From the Tang Dynasty, he was successively named Wu Hou, Wu Gong, Wu Guogong and the sage Yanzi. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, a member of the Five Classics Doctors was specially appointed and was hereditary by his descendants. Yan Yan made great contributions to the prosperity of Wudi culture. Yan Hui (521 BC - 490 BC) was a native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The name is Ziyuan. Disciple of Confucius. Known for his virtues. He is diligent and eager to learn, firmly believes in Confucius' theory, and "hears one thing and knows ten" and has a profound understanding. He was an easy-going and humble person, taciturn, and rarely exposed his talents. He worked hard to practice Confucius' ideals in his actions and became Confucius's most loyal and proud student. Confucius repeatedly praised him for his noble character, saying that he "does not violate benevolence for three months", "does not vent his anger, and does not make mistakes". Died at the age of 33. Today, there is Yan Temple, also known as Fusheng Temple, in the ugly alley in the north of Qufu City. There is Yan Zilin in the northeast corner of Chengzhuang Village, 11 kilometers east of Fangshan City today, which is the cemetery of Yan Hui and his family.
Zeng Shen (approximately 505 BC to 435 BC), named Ziyu, was born in Nanwucheng (now Pingyi) of the State of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. People respected him as Zengzi. Disciple of Confucius. He loved teaching and raising his relatives. He once served as a minor official and was famous for his filial piety. He believes that "loyalty and forgiveness" are Confucius' "consistent" thoughts, puts forward the self-cultivation method of "I have to examine myself three times every day", and advocates "being prudent at the end (carefully handling the funeral of parents), pursuing the long term (reverently commemorating ancestors), and returning the people's virtues" "thick", "make mistakes without correcting (care)", and are determined to practice Confucius's teachings unremittingly. According to legend, there are "The Classic of Filial Piety" and "The Great Learning". Among Confucius, he was regarded as the successor of Taoism and was respected as "Zongsheng" by future rulers. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records 18 chapters of "Zeng Zi", which are incomplete. Now there are 10 chapters in "Dadailiji" from "Li Shi" to "Tian Yuan". Ruan Yuan of the Qing Dynasty published Commentary on Zengzi. There is Zeng Temple, also known as Zongsheng Temple, at the southern foot of Nanwu Mountain, 20 kilometers south of present-day Jiaxiang City.