My basic knowledge of classical Chinese is very poor. How can I improve? To learn classical Chinese well, we should do more topics in this field or read more books on classical Chinese, and translate more articles and stories in classical Chinese to improve the level of classical Chinese.
Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination. First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge.
As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him.
Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river.
Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao. Second, have relevant cultural common sense.
China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times.
Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams. Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present."
We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain.
In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese. Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech.
③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese. Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article.
In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination. Classical Chinese refers to the general written language based on ancient Chinese before the May 4th Movement.
Classical Chinese refers to articles written in classical Chinese. In the new Chinese textbook issued by the Ministry of Education in 2000, the proportion of classical Chinese in the first year of high school has risen to 50%, and the weight of classical Chinese in the Chinese test paper of the college entrance examination is also increasing.
This really brings great difficulties to our study, and students are afraid of difficulties. In fact, it is not difficult to learn classical Chinese well, as long as we start from the following two aspects: first, master the correct learning method 1 and practice it repeatedly.
In the Song Dynasty, Zhu said, "Read it a hundred times, and you can understand yourself. You read well, you don't need to explain, and you know what it means. "
The ancients were very clever. When children entered school, the teacher didn't talk much about theory, but asked them to shake the three-character classics, four books and the beautiful model of "Atlas, Ba Queche" over and over again, thus avoiding the difficulty of V. I am tired, but I am sorry. I'm sorry! Diaosi is difficult to get rid of, but it is difficult to get rid of. Why don't you forgive me for changing it? 2. Word accumulation. Learning classical Chinese is like learning a foreign language. Without enough vocabulary, everything is a castle in the air and an armchair strategist, so vocabulary accumulation is the basis of learning classical Chinese well.
Word accumulation can be divided into two categories: content word accumulation and function word accumulation. Relatively speaking, content words are easier to remember, while function words are more difficult to remember, because function words in classical Chinese are abstract in meaning, frequently used and flexible in usage.
At this time, it is not difficult to remember with some flexible and ingenious methods. For example, there are 23 places where the function word "er" is used in "Zuiwengting Ji" by Ouyang Xiu, and we can classify its usage into five kinds, which is easier to remember.
(1) "Deep-flowing fish fertilizer" means parallel relationship; (2) "The sunrise makes the forest blossom" means to inherit the relationship; (3) "Miscellaneous, but the former", indicating the relationship of modification; (4) "Less drunk, but the highest age" indicates a progressive relationship. ⑤ "Birds know the joy of mountains, but don't know the joy of people", which indicates a turning point.
3. Grammatical induction. In a classical Chinese, students are confused by the use of fallacies, prepositions and postpositions, and different meanings between ancient and modern times. What should I do? We might as well use induction to classify and summarize. We can draw a brief table and mark the common words, movable parts of speech, ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy, interrogative sentences, judgmental sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and variant sentences in the table, which will be clear at a glance and easy to remember.
Second, establish a correct learning attitude. 1, love classical Chinese and cultivate interest.
Some students complained that we don't need classical Chinese today, so why should we learn anything? This statement is very poor: First of all, classical Chinese is the bearing form of all ancient cultures in China. Medicine, mathematics, astronomy and geography are all written in classical Chinese and have been handed down to this day.
Classical Chinese is a valuable asset with a long history. If we don't understand it, how can we appreciate the classicality and profoundness of China culture? Secondly, most idioms and allusions in modern Chinese come from classical Chinese. For example, these familiar and concise idioms come from classical Chinese. For example, if you want fish from the edge of a tree (Hui Liang), make a close friend (Warring States Policy, Qin Ce III), because you choke on food (Lv Chunqiu, a party soldier), you are approachable (Shi Zhougong, Shi Jia).
3. Appreciation of Good Sentences of Five Cannon Clubs 1 Original: In silence, it seems that a lot of iron tongs will be stuck out in the head to clamp things born in the wild; I also heard my voice trembling, like the chirping of crickets in late autumn night.
Appreciation: This is what Lu Xun felt when he was about to go to Dongguan to see the Five Classrooms Club, but his father suddenly stopped him and asked him to recite an ancient text before allowing the family to go. I sympathize with him. Originally, it was a very happy thing, but memorizing ancient Chinese was really disappointing, and no one helped him. From the sentences of "in silence" and "like crickets chirping in late autumn night"
2—— Last night, a big ship with tiled windows on three sides was moored at Jiangwharf, and chairs, meals, tea stoves and snack boxes were moved down one after another. I laughed and jumped, urging them to act quickly.
Comments: It highlights the urgency and excitement of young Lu Xun's desire to watch the fifth cabin meeting.
3. Read it to me. If you can't recite it, you are not allowed to go to the meeting. ".I seem to have poured a pot of cold water on my head.
Comments: It highlights the harsh reality of children's family education and school education.
I am not as happy as they are. After sailing, the scenery in the waterway, the snacks in the box, and the excitement of Dongguan No.5 Club seem to have little meaning to me.
Comments: The little joy in the little boy's heart has already been swept away. Described that this kind of education killed children's childlike interest and left a lifetime of bad memories. It can be said that Lu Xun's life is incomplete, and the good memories that should have been left in his childhood have been completely changed because of that education system.
4. High Score Award: Review Guide for Classical Chinese in Volume II of Shanghai College Entrance Examination 1. To learn classical Chinese, you should read more books first. As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Su Shi also said, "So, a book is never tired of reading, and you know it when you are familiar with it." Repeated reading is the basic requirement and method of learning classical Chinese.
Second, to learn classical Chinese, we must master a certain number of classical Chinese vocabulary. Classical Chinese words in ancient Chinese can be divided into two categories: classical Chinese content words and classical Chinese function words. Learning classical Chinese and mastering a certain number of real words and function words in classical Chinese are very helpful to learn classical Chinese well.
First of all, talk about the learning and mastery of the content words in classical Chinese. The so-called notional words in classical Chinese traditionally refer to nouns, verbs and adjectives. For the convenience of learning, nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and pronouns are usually regarded as content words. Master the following knowledge.
(A) learn to master the flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Flexible use of parts of speech is to temporarily change the original parts of speech and grammatical functions of one kind of words according to language habits in a certain language environment, and has the parts of speech and grammatical functions of another kind of words. There are many flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese, such as nouns as verbs, adjectives as verbs and numerals as verbs; Verbs are nouns and adjectives are nouns; The flexible use of nouns as adverbials is a common phenomenon in the study of classical Chinese. In addition, notional words have special flexible usages, such as causative usages of nouns, verbs and adjectives, and intentional usages of nouns and adjectives.
(2) Learning and mastering interchangeable words. Homonyms are homonyms rather than words, that is, using one homonym to express the meaning of another homonym. Mastering the study of interchangeable words is very helpful for students to learn classical Chinese well.
(3) The word learning and mastering is ambiguous. Polysemy means that a word has several meanings. Polysemy is a common phenomenon in ancient Chinese. The meaning of the same word is closely related; There are also those who are not close; There are even distant ones. Therefore, the meaning of a word can only be determined in a specific language environment.
(4) Learn and master the different meanings of ancient and modern times. That is, words with different meanings in ancient and modern times.
Secondly, we should learn and master the function words in classical Chinese. People often say: "Wisdom, Hu, Ye, Zhe, Yi, Yan and Zai, if used well, are scholars". The specific methods to master are: (1) Learning from sentences in combination with context. Learning function words in classical Chinese should follow the principle that words are inseparable from sentences, just like learning content words. Without content words, the meaning cannot be understood. (2) analysis and induction, focusing on accumulation. (3) Memorize disyllabic function words and master the fixed format.
Third, we should learn and master the commonly used classical Chinese sentence patterns. Judgment; Second, passive sentence patterns; The position of sentence components. Such common sentences include subject-predicate inversion, prepositional object sentence, attributive postposition sentence and so on. Omission of sentence elements. The so-called ellipsis sentence; Five fixed sentence patterns.
Fourth, master the general translation methods of classical Chinese. The translation of classical Chinese is to translate classical Chinese with standardized modern Mandarin, and truly achieve "faithfulness and elegance". Besides literal translation and free translation, there are six specific translation methods: translation, addition, substitution, reservation, deletion and order adjustment.
5. How can I understand China's classical Chinese? In fact, in any case, if you want to make progress, you must work hard. Don't care about your own foundation, as long as you work hard, you will have an effect, and even if you don't, you won't regret it.
Yeah, well, let's get down to business.
To understand classical Chinese, my personal experience is that we must first understand the translation and meaning of classical Chinese in textbooks. Texts usually cover all the classical Chinese knowledge you need. Therefore, when translating word for word, we must make clear the meaning of each word, especially each word. Don't bother, just bear it. When you repeat it over and over again, you will gradually remember it and naturally think of related meanings. When you insist on doing this, you will understand a lot by reading classical Chinese. And to be honest, the key knowledge of classical Chinese is only a little. If you do too much, you will find that there are so many words over and over again.
After class, the teacher will definitely arrange exercises related to classical Chinese. At this time, you can choose to interpret and still translate word by word, which can speed up the pace.
Normally, you don't. Find more teachers. Teachers will help you solve many problems and help you expand. They are good resources.
I hope it helps you.