First, from separatist regime to unification.
1. Patriarchal enfeoffment was destroyed.
After the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in 770 BC, Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved to Luoyi, and the Spring and Autumn Period began. The Zhou royal family gradually lost its position as the master of the world, and the power of the vassal States gradually became stronger. The principle of patriarchal clan enfeoffment system was destroyed, the enfeoffment right originally monopolized by Zhou Wang moved down, governors were enfeoffed without authorization, and the phenomenon that small clans replaced big clans also occurred frequently.
The description of the embarrassing situation of the royal family in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the small print of the textbook helps us to understand the changes in the power contrast between the royal family and the vassal, as well as the changes in the relationship between the royal family and the vassal, thus deepening our understanding of the historical conclusion that the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty gradually lost its position as the master of the world.
The principle of patriarchal clan system was destroyed, which reflected that the patriarchal clan system could no longer be maintained, the original political system was about to collapse, and the period of great social change had arrived.
2. During the Spring and Autumn Period, great powers competed for hegemony
Some powerful princes fought for power and profit under the banner of "respecting the king", and the annexation war gradually annexed many scattered small countries by big countries.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, because the King of Zhou was not taken seriously, some powerful vassal states often invited the vassals to wage war against "invading the king" under the banner of "respecting the king" in order to compete for land, population and control over other vassals. In this process, the powerful princes who started the war actually played the role of commanding the princes, and they often forced other princes to admit their "overlord" status by forming alliances. These powerful princes, nominally "respecting the king", actually seized the control of the princes from the king of Zhou.
3. Social unrest during the Warring States Period
Around 475 BC, the history of China entered the Warring States Period. During this period, a series of major changes have taken place in society.
(1) The monarch of a great country was no longer satisfied with the original title, but was renamed "Wang" after the mid-Warring States period. "Wang" was originally the title of the supreme ruler of the Zhou Dynasty. The monarchs of major powers were renamed as "kings", reflecting that these monarchs were no longer satisfied with the political status of vassals and had publicly stated that they no longer recognized the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty.
(2) Many big countries have also experienced coups in which Dr. Qing seized power. Dr. Qing's victory completely broke the ruling order of the Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Due to fierce competition among vassal states, countries have to make changes in politics, economy and military affairs.
During the Warring States period, annexation wars occurred frequently. In order to compete for land and population and defeat opponents, vassal States must try their best to strengthen their national strength. In order to strengthen our economic and military strength, we must reform our internal affairs. The starting point of political reform in vassal states is to realize Qiang Bing's status as a rich country and gain a dominant position in the competition. The result of political reform was the gradual abolition of slavery and the establishment of feudal system.
4. The strength and unity of Qin State.
1) The power of Qin: After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin abolished the old system, the feudal economy developed rapidly, and Qin gradually became stronger. Shang Yang's political reform was the most thorough political and economic reform in the Warring States period, which was the main reason why Qin could develop into the most powerful vassal state.
2) Unification of Qin Dynasty: After 100 years of struggle, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi and other countries were wiped out. In 22 1 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, ended hundreds of years of separatist melee and established an unprecedented unified empire. Historical conditions for the reunification of the Qin Dynasty: during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the social economy developed rapidly, and the economic and cultural ties between regions and ethnic groups (or tribes) were further strengthened. Political reforms in various countries significantly strengthened the trend of centralization, laying a social foundation for the completion of reunification; The long-term war has made the broad masses of people suffer greatly, and it is the urgent desire of the people to end the war and complete reunification. Realizing reunification has become the general trend. Qin's political reform was the most thorough, its national strength developed rapidly, and it gradually possessed the strength to unify the whole country. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, was rich in talents, and it was an important condition to realize reunification to attach importance to talents and take proper measures.
Second, the "first emperor" and the three officials and nine ministers
After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, a powerful centralization was established nationwide. The high concentration of power became the basic feature of the political system in Qin Dynasty.
1. The basic feature of the political system of the Qin Dynasty-the high concentration of power
(1) First, imperial power is supreme.
Ying Zheng, king of Qin, claimed to be the "emperor" and monopolized the judicial, legislative, administrative and military powers of the country. The origin of the title of emperor: Qin destroyed the six countries in 22 1 BC. The first thing that Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, should do is to give himself a name first. In the pre-Qin period, the supreme ruler was generally called "the king". Ying Zheng, who achieved an unprecedented career, felt that the title of "King" was not enough to show his power and status. So he ordered ministers to discuss these names. The ministers headed by Prime Minister Wang Wan were honored as "Tai Huang". But Ying Zheng was not satisfied, and decided to choose a word from "Huang San" and "Five Emperors" and call it "Emperor". The name of "Emperor" is actually the general name of "Huang San" and "Five Emperors" in ancient legends. The establishment of the title of "Emperor" is the product of the complete unification of Qin, which shows the exclusive power and status of the emperor. Replacing the name of "king" with the name of "emperor" also reflects the emergence of a new ruling idea of deifying the monarch. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the highest feudal ruler in China.
Question: The emperor should wear a yellow robe, but why is Qin Shihuang wearing a black robe in the textbook?
Qin Shihuang believed that the Zhou Dynasty was built on the virtue of fire, and the color was still red. The destruction of Qin Neng should be based on water morality, and water intake can suppress fire. Water is black, so clothes are still black.
(2) Secondly, the system of succession to the throne is "one family in the world".
The inheritance system of "one family in the world" is another embodiment of sovereignty concentration. After establishing the title of emperor, Ying Zheng stipulated that the throne would be passed on to future generations after death, hoping that the throne would be inherited by future generations forever. He calls himself "the first emperor". Historically known as "Qin Shihuang". "Beginning"-Qin Shihuang hoped that the throne of his emperor would be passed on to future generations, and there were endless streams.
2. The composition and characteristics of the central government
1) three officials and nine ministers and their functions and powers
(1) Sangong: refers to the Prime Minister, imperial envoys and Qiu. The left and right prime minister is the "head of a hundred officials" and assists the emperor in handling state affairs; The censor is the deputy prime minister, in charge of laws and regulations, books, and responsible for supervising officials; Qiu assisted the emperor in managing military affairs. The three parties are not subordinate to each other and contain each other.
★ Hot links: Tai Wei is the highest military officer in the Qin Dynasty, responsible for national military affairs. However, there is no record in the existing ancient books that Qin Shihuang appointed anyone to this position, so it can be inferred that Qin Shihuang was in charge of military power during his reign. What actually existed in the central government of the Qin Dynasty was "two masters".
(2) Jiuqing: Under the three fairs, the central government of the Qin Dynasty still has many important official positions, collectively referred to as Jiuqing. They are in charge of various affairs of the state and the royal family.
Feng Chang: Zhang Zongmiao has manners and integrity. Langzhongling: Responsible for the emperor's defense and transportation. His subordinates are doctors, doctors and worshippers. Wei Wei: He is in charge of the imperial guards in the palace. Teacher: In charge of Yudong Horse.
Ting Wei: In charge of punishment, he is the highest judicial officer in China, with positive, left and right supervisors. Dianke: in charge of ethnic minorities under the rule of Qin Dynasty.
Zong Zheng: There are two officials in charge of imperial clan affairs. History of Su Zhi: There are two people in charge of grain goods.
Shaofu: Liu Cheng is responsible for supplying the royalty with the tax of mountain and sea ponds.
Captain: There are two officials in charge of the security of the capital. Captain Lord: In charge of Liehou.
2) The characteristics of the central government: officials at all levels of the central government, mainly three officials and nine officials, are in a state of mutual cooperation and restriction in status, responsibility and power. No one can monopolize state affairs, and military power is ultimately in the hands of the emperor.
For example, the prime minister is the head of a hundred officials, with greater power and higher status than the imperial envoys. However, when the prime minister has dereliction of duty and made mistakes, the royal consultant can report to the emperor and correct the mistakes of the prime minister.
Question: According to historical records, it is not a good thing for the first emperor to go out for a cruise and see the prime minister riding too many cars. Someone in the palace told the prime minister about it, and the prime minister immediately reduced his riding. The first emperor was furious and killed everyone present at that time. Question 1: Who do you think is most likely to tell the first emperor? Question 2: Do you think the three officials and nine ministers share the supreme power of the country? Which of the nine ministers are really in charge of government affairs?
(Student's answer) It may be a teacher, because the teacher is in charge of the palace chariots and horses, and the emperor always follows him when he travels. No, because the three officials and nine ministers cooperate and contain each other in status, responsibility and power. No one can monopolize state affairs, and the military power is ultimately controlled by the emperor. Ensure that autocratic imperial power will not be sidelined. This system fully embodies the characteristics of "cosmopolitan". The official positions in Jiuqing, such as Fengchang, Zong Zheng, Langzhongling and Shaofu, were designed for the royal family and served the emperor's private life.
3. abandon the package and set up a county.
1. The local management system of Qin Dynasty-county system
1) implements the county system.
At the beginning of Qin's unification, it was suggested that Ying Zheng enfeoffment children and build vassals. Ying Zheng resolutely denied the enfeoffment system and adhered to the national county system.
At the beginning of Qin reunification, it was suggested that children should be enfeoffed. Qin Shihuang resolutely denied the enfeoffment system and insisted on implementing the county system throughout the country. [Analysis and exploration: Wang Wan advocated the implementation of the enfeoffment system on the grounds that the world was initially set and the territory was vast, and the imperial rule could be consolidated by enfeoffment of the royal family to the newly occupied areas; Reese advocated the county system on the grounds that the enfeoffment system could easily lead to the dispute between the central and local governments. Qin Shihuang finally adopted Lisi's idea, because historical experience has proved that the county system is conducive to national unity and centralization]
2) the content of the county system
The local administrative organs in Qin dynasty were divided into two levels: county and county. In line with this, a set of local bureaucratic systems at all levels has been established. County is the first-level ruling institution below the central government, with chief, chief and chief; There are several counties under each county, and each county has a county magistrate (a county with a small population has a county magistrate), a county magistrate and a county commandant. Below the county level, there are grass-roots institutions such as townships and villages, and there are township officials in townships and villages. The emperor's orders can reach the people directly through Sangong, county, township and village.
The remarkable difference between the county system and the enfeoffment system is that the supreme ruler directly appoints officials to rule the local area, and the orders of the supreme ruler can directly reach the people through officials at all levels.
2. The inspection system of selecting officials in Qin Dynasty.
In order to maintain the normal operation of bureaucracies at all levels and give full play to their roles, the Qin Empire also formulated a system of selecting and inspecting officials.
How to select inspection officials in Qin Dynasty?
(Student's answer) Selection qualification: ① Have certain property at home; 2 can write and understand the law; ③ Age limit. Inspection system: ① the central government sends personnel to supervise and inspect; Officials report their achievements.
3. Fine and strict laws of Qin Dynasty
The laws formulated by the Qin Dynasty were very detailed and strict. Qin Law is a tool for Ying Zheng to strengthen the imperial power and consolidate the centralized political system.
The laws of the Qin dynasty were meticulous and strict, and the principle of "light punishment for crimes" was adopted. Qin law played an important role in strengthening imperial power and consolidating centralization, but it also brought great suffering to the people.
Q: There are two idioms called "lock the market" and "Zheyi gets in the way" (or "Zheyi gets in the way"). Do you know what they mean?
(Student answers) "Prison" means prison. There are as many prisoners as there are people in the market. "Ochre clothes" are reddish-brown clothes worn by criminals. There are too many criminals on the road, which has occupied the road. It describes the harsh and harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty, which is a prominent feature of the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Making laws is an important measure to consolidate the rule of the Qin Dynasty, but harsh laws have become an important reason for the short-lived demise of the Qin Dynasty.
4. The role and significance of centralized government.
The centralized political system formed in the Qin Dynasty completely broke the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system, laid the foundation of the ancient unified dynasty system, and had an important impact on China's politics and society for more than two thousand years.
Historical position of Qin Dynasty: Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal dynasty in China history, and its centralization was imitated by later feudal dynasties. After continuous revision and improvement, it has been used for more than two thousand years, which has had an important impact on China's politics and society. A series of measures taken by the Qin Dynasty to consolidate and unify laid a solid foundation for the development of the Chinese nation in many aspects, such as "the same region", "the same language", "the same economy" and "the same culture". Although the Qin Dynasty was short-lived, it was an important milestone in the development history of the Chinese nation.
Hope to adopt! thank you