Basic books and medical exchanges
Books published by Jianyang in Fujian have a glorious history in the process of traditional culture communication and exchange, and have played a very important role in both domestic medical fields and those in neighboring countries of China.
Medicine is a natural science and a system of scientific knowledge and practical activities to maintain and enhance people's health, prevent and treat diseases. China medicine has a history of several thousand years, which is closely related to the social economy and culture at that time. The development of traditional Chinese medicine from small to large and from local to cross-regional is closely related to the development of various means of communication and communication carriers.
From a historical point of view, the war in China in the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties and the backward habits brought about by the rule of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties once hindered and destroyed social production, but the southern part of China was less affected by the war and developed more, and gradually became the economic center of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in the country. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the paper industry had a general development, and better quality paper was produced in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian and other places. Since the invention of block printing in Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was used to engrave classics in the Five Dynasties. Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty, which greatly improved the printing technology. Therefore, the Song Dynasty is an era of maturity and development of block printing technology. Lin 'an, Zhejiang is the best, and Sichuan, Fujian is also good, and there are many excellent books, some of which are still very valuable [1]. Fujian woodblock printing in history books mostly refers to northern Fujian, especially Jianyang. In history, books published by Jianyang were called simplified editions, while the printing industry of Masha and Chonghua (today's bookstore) in Jianyang originated from the southward migration of a large number of Central Plains literati in the Tang Dynasty and developed in the Five Dynasties. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the woodcut printing of Masha and Chonghua in Jianyang flourished, while the Southern Song Dynasty was in its heyday, which experienced the ups and downs of Yue, Ming and Qing dynasties. More than 700 years later, the woodblock printing industry in Masha, Chonghua and other places in Jianyang developed, known as the bookstore, and it was one of the three major book publishing centers in history. This is not only related to the intellectuals who came to settle in northern Fujian to avoid chaos at that time, but also related to the shift of economic and cultural center of gravity to the south, the rich bamboo and wood resources in the local area, and Jianyang's geographical location and convenient transportation.
Handmade paper in northern Fujian originated in the Tang Dynasty and was made from local tender bamboo in the Song Dynasty. Because of abundant resources and low raw material prices, papermaking has become one of the main handicrafts in various counties. The quality of bamboo paper in Jianyang and Shunchang counties is quite high and the output is also quite large. Bamboo paper has become an important raw material for book printing [2].
According to the book records, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the book versions published by Jianyang had been extended in all directions. There is a poem saying: "Jiangxi estimates that visitors come to Jianyang without bringing orchids." It's really good to make up Xishan, and the books are sold back at Mashafang. "And" the book market is better than the house. It's all books, woven by merchants and vendors all over the world. "These truly describe the situation of foreign businessmen selling books in Jianyang [3]. In its heyday, the population of Masha and Chonghua increased sharply, and engraving books became the handicraft industry of residents' families. The publication of a large number of books has made great contributions to the spread, preservation and development of Chinese culture, among which medical books have also been widely disseminated. This book is not only circulated in China, but also exported to North Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia. In the foreign trade activities of the Song Dynasty, there were records of ships in Quanzhou, Fujian Province carrying books to Silla in exchange for ginseng and cloth.
In Yuan Dynasty, Jianyang Ren 'an (1275 ~ 1348) was engraved with Taiping Huimin Hejifang 10 in Dade year, and Wang Mai Jing and Song Ci Punishment Collection were newly published in three years, which were widely circulated in China.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the cultural exchanges among China, Korea and Japan were quite close, and China medicine had an influence on Korea in the Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, China's medical books were continuously imported into North Korea, and some medical works, including Folk Prescriptions of Song Ci, were also exported to Japan, and continued to be introduced into Persia and Arabia. The book Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Tongren Acupoint was printed by Yu Zhi 'an, Jianyang in Yuan Dynasty, and was reprinted twice after it was spread to North Korea. In the Yuan Dynasty, North Korea and Japan not only marketed edition books, but also sent people to Masha to recruit engravers. More than 50 people, including Yu Jia Bookstore, applied for engraving books in Japan. The fragrance of Jianyang carved the book Yamato Surgery written by Quan Wang, a Japanese river during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. After this book was spread to Japan, it was copied by Japanese characters in 1848 [4].
Bear made the greatest contribution to the publication and engraving of medical books. Compared with the previous generation, Jianyang Chonghua published more medical books in Ming Dynasty, with complete categories, including internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, gynecology, pediatrics and materia medica. Among them, Xiong participated in book engraving and printing as a doctor, which played a great role in the publication and circulation of medical books. From Orthodox Ding Si (1437) to Chenghua (1474), Xiong has been engaged in medical research for 37 years, editing and proofreading more than 20 kinds of Chinese medicine books, which is the most self-edited and self-edited medical books in Fujian history. Some works are illustrated, easy to understand and have many original opinions.
Xiong's masterpiece is The Complete Works of Medical Records of Famous Doctors, with 24 volumes * *, followed by The Source of Medicine, with 1 volume. It is a classified compilation of clinical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine compiled on the basis of Sun Yunxian's "The Classified Compilation of North and South Experienced Prescriptions in Yuan Dynasty" 10. The book was introduced into Japan and regarded as a "treasure of doctors", which had a great influence on the development of traditional Chinese medicine in Japan.
In the third year of Ming Dynasty (1467), the 24-volume Complete Works of Famous Prescriptions and Doctors published by Xiong's Zhongdetang was one of the achievements of medical prescription research in Ming Dynasty, and the medical history of Ming Dynasty has been passed down to this day. After this book was introduced into Japan, Asai Nozuli became popular in Dai Yong for eight years (1528).
The six volumes of "Solving the Eighty-one Difficult Classics without Listening to Children's Custom" is another masterpiece carved by Xiong Edition. Difficult Classics was written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Because of its long history, it was mostly preserved by copying in ancient times, and mistakes such as typos, omissions and derivation are inevitable. Moreover, ancient languages and characters are difficult to understand, which makes it difficult for future generations to learn. Only those who have read enough medical books can correct the fallacy. According to the original texts, Xiong annotated them one by one, and the words were simple. He drew 28 pictures at the front, which was intuitive and clear, and easy for beginners to understand and master. This book was introduced to Japan and reprinted.
The ten volumes of The Complete Works of Typhoid Luck link the theory of Luck with the dialectical relationship of the six channels of typhoid fever, and put forward their own academic views. Wang Shuhe, a doctor in Jin Dynasty, compiled a special book on pulse condition of traditional Chinese medicine, Pulse Map of Wang Shuhe, which has six volumes, which is profound and obscure. Physicians in previous dynasties annotated it, while Xiong extensively absorbed many research results, simplified it by deleting the complex, took its essence as a popular annotation, and adopted the method of illustration and text to facilitate readers' understanding and mastery. In the volume of "Su Wen's Luck Map", it is a foregone conclusion, and the content of the theory of five movements and six qi in the classic Chinese medicine "Neijing Su Wen" is expressed in the form of songs, and my own research experience is added. The ten-volume edition of Treatise on Febrile Diseases Finger Palm is based on Shu's Treatise on Febrile Diseases Finger Palm, which is compiled by annotating and sorting out the research results of many medical scientists in Yuan Dynasty. Xiong wrote two volumes of "Prepare for the Urgent Maritime Party" and sixteen volumes of "Mountain Living Base Party". The Ming Dynasty was the most prosperous time when the book "Annotation and Supplement to the auspicious notes in Huangdi Neijing" was mixed and rewritten. Xiong Lizong used the luck theory left over from the Song and Yuan Dynasties to interpret Neijing and wrote a book, which is also one of the achievements of medical research in the Ming Dynasty. These are his major works. In Chen Bangxian's History of Chinese Medicine, among the 328 medical literature bibliographies collected in the Ming Dynasty, Xiong's Su Wen Luck Map contains a foregone conclusion. Don't listen to his son's vulgar interpretation of the eighty-one classics, Encyclopedia of Typhoid Luck, Typhoid Movable Type Illustration, Wang Shuhe's Pulse and Tactical Map, and Complete Medical Books of Famous Syndrome.
Among the books he carved, ten volumes of the Encyclopedia of Typhoid Luck are annotated medical classics; The meridian interpretation of Eighty-one Difficult Classics is a classic of popular interpretation. The annotation "Zhitong Syndrome" in Ten Volumes of Qian's Direct Therapy for Children was developed on the basis of Three Volumes of Direct Therapy for Children's Medical Syndrome written in Song Dynasty, and was collected by Yan Jizhong. The two-volume analogy of Chen Xiaoer's Vaccinia Prescription is based on the one-volume version of Xiaoer's Vaccinia Prescription in Song Dynasty. Examination of Famous Doctors in Past Dynasties was originally a medical history document written by Zhou Shouzhong in Song Dynasty. The newly published Pocket Fang Daquan is a supplement to Li's Pocket Fang Daquan in Ming Dynasty (totally 4 volumes, 8 1 door 30). Addendum of Taiping Huimin Hutchison Bureau is developed on the basis of Ten Volumes of Taiping Huimin Hutchison Bureau and Three Volumes of General Program compiled by Song Shiwen and others. Twenty-four Volumes Supplemented by the Woman was developed on the basis of Chen's Twenty-four Volumes of the Woman in the Song Dynasty. The three volumes of Surgical Essentials and Surgical Appendices were supplemented on the basis of the three volumes of Chen's Surgical Essentials in the Song Dynasty. The eight-volume version of Buben Herbal Songs is based on Hu's Herbal Songs in Jin Dynasty. Zhang Jiegu, a famous doctor in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, wrote three volumes of Medicinal Properties of Pearl Capsule, which is one of the achievements of Materialism. Gao Li, his disciple, wrote four volumes of Fu for Tonifying Medicine by Finger and Palm, and Fu for Tonifying Medicine was written on the basis of these two volumes. The above works are annotations and supplements. Other engraved books include Entering the Olympic Games, Huangdi's Classic of Internal Medicine (Song and Liu Zhu), Hong Fan's Interpretation of Nine Domains, Xue Xin's Fu, Tian Yuan's Fu, Boxing, Jin Ji and Difficult Meridians, all of which are related to clinical disciplines.
With the development of block printing industry, block books have been circulated for hundreds of years. The dissemination of basic medical books plays a very important role in the display of traditional Chinese medicine, the development of China culture and the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries.
Main reference materials
[1] Bai Shouyi. Outline of China's General History [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1980: 279.
[2] Chen Jiasheng. Past lives in northern Fujian [M]. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 1997: 22.
[3] Huang Jianguo. Northern Fujian culture [M]. Fujian: Straits Literature and Art Publishing House, 1999: 128.
[4] Liu Jian. Great tanshu [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1994: 329.
[5] Chen Bangxian. History of traditional Chinese medicine [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1957: 256.
Nanping Teachers College (Fujian, 353000) Chen Guodai