Biography of the Khitan in the Old Five Dynasties: [Ye Luduang] is second only to the side that killed Lin Hu in Luancheng County ... The Khitans cut him into ten thousand pieces, removed his intestines and stomach, and transported him to the north with salt. Han people regard it as an' emperor'. "
"Speak" Volume 8 quotes Wen Song's "Brief Description of Lu Ting": "[Qidan] is rich, but some people die. They used a razor blade to break their stomachs, took out their intestines, washed them with incense, salt and alum, sewed them in colorful colors, pierced them with sharp reed pipes, drained the blood, used gold and silver as masks, and wrapped their hands and feet with copper wires. The death of Yeludeguang was covered up in this way, and the people believed it when they saw the emperor. "
Get down to business! Words ..., The following is a quotation from Zhang's Funeral Customs of Ethnic Minorities in Liao, Song, Xixia and Jin Dynasties:
The initial burial custom of the Qidan nationality was to bury the sky first and then cremate it. This custom was first seen in History of the North (Volume 94), Biography of Qidan (Volume 84) and Biography of the Northern Emperor (Volume 84). The relevant texts in the two books are exactly the same:
Those who cried when their parents died thought they were not strong, but put their bodies on the trees on the mountain. Three years later, they collected their bones and burned them.
According to their habit, parents not only don't "cry" when they die, but also drink and sing sacrificial songs:
In winter, eat in the sun; In summer, eat in the shade; If I hunt, I will get more pigs and deer.
Since then, the records in the two books, Tang Shu and History of the Five Dynasties, are basically the same as this, but the words are slightly different. For example, Biography of the Khitan in the Old Tang Dynasty (volume 199) said:
When a child dies, parents cry sooner or later. When parents die, children and grandchildren don't cry.
The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (Volume 2 19) and the Biography of Qidan emphasized that the Qidan people were "immortal". These customs have been circulating for a long time and are quite stable. Until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Ye Longli copied the history of the North and Sui Shu word for word in Volume 23 of the National Records of Qidan, and accused them for no reason: "Its rudeness and arrogance are the highest in all countries." This custom was actually adapted to the primitive social system of Qidan at that time, which reflected that the early economic life of Qidan people was mainly hunting. Although the Khitans were immortal, they still concentrated their cremated bones in Muye Mountain in Montenegro (now in Bahrain Right Banner, Inner Mongolia). "Liao History" Volume 53 "Book of Rites, Book of Rites" contains:
On the solstice of winter, it is a national custom to slaughter white sheep, white horses and white geese, each taking blood and wine, and the emperor looks at the mountains. The mountain is in the realm, and the north is commonly known as the soul of the Chinese people, and its god controls it.
The Khitan nationality has always kept the ritual of worshipping Mount Braque, that is, "the instrument of worshipping Mount Mu Ye". [2] People face this mountain to worship their ancestors.
The custom of "not burying tombs" of Qidan nationality was gradually broken before and after the establishment of Liao Dynasty. According to Liao History (volume 1) and Taizu Chronicle, Baoji was once the "custom savior" and "instrument for determining good and bad luck" during Khan's seven-year reign (8 13). One of its key points is to absorb the funeral etiquette of Han nationality and reform the old funeral custom of Qidan. After the establishment of Liao Dynasty, especially after the rule of Yanyun, artificial graves and tombstones prevailed in Qidan area, and couples were often buried together or in ancestral graves according to Confucian ethics. The ancestral tombs of Liao Taizu, Huailing of Taizong, Xianling of Sejong, Huailing of Mu Zong, Ganling of Jing Zong, Yongqing Mausoleum of Shengzong, Yongxing Mausoleum of Xingzong and Yongfu Mausoleum of Daozong are all large in scale. There are statues and beasts in front of the tombs to worship temples and inscriptions. Hunting is prohibited in cemeteries, and tombs are set up in counties. For example, Zuzhou, Huaizhou and Qingzhou (all in Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia) were established to protect Zuling, Huailing and Yongqing Mausoleums respectively. Historically speaking:
The legacy of Qidan, once buried, must keep the tomb. [3]
However, the funeral customs of the Khitan nationality still have the following characteristics. [4]
First, there is a tomb without a coffin. Archaeologists rarely find wooden coffins and sarcophagi in Liao tombs. Because the custom of Khitan is not to be buried in coffins, Doctor Song went to the Liao Dynasty for three years (1034) and died in Ruomengge in the Liao Dynasty. He couldn't find the coffin, so he had to "drive to Zhongjing in a chariot" and "take a silver coffin" when he arrived in Beijing. [5] In Liao tombs, the bodies are usually placed on the corpse platform or bed. For example, 1954 Liao Xu's tomb excavated near Dayingzi Village in Chifeng, Liaoning Province, has no coffin, because the owner of the tomb is a Qidan aristocrat, and his bed is quite luxurious, with embroidered curtains hanging on it. [6]
Second, killing sacrifices and martyrdom. In the tombs of Qidan nobles, there are not only precious funerary objects such as gold, silver and jewels, but also cows, horses and camels to sacrifice to the dead. The wind blew harder and harder, so Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao had to "prohibit the killing of horses at funerals and the possession of armor, gold and silver vessels" in the first month of the tenth year of Tonghe (102 1). [7] In the 11th year of Chongxi (1042) in December, Liao Xingzong reiterated that "it is forbidden to kill cattle and horses to hide treasure in the funeral" and wrote in June the following year, stipulating as follows:
The Prime Minister, our family and our family were elected by the world. As our family, it is allowed to bury with silver, but it is still forbidden to kill sacrifices. [8]
However, these bans have had little effect. What's more, human martyrdom has always existed in Liao Dynasty. For example, in April of the second year of Shenshu (9 17), the sister-in-law of Liao Taizu died, and the slave girl Gu and the traitor were only buried alive in her cave; [9] In the second year of Tianxian (927), in July, Liao Taizu died and hundreds of people were martyred. The queen said, "When you repeatedly want to be martyred, the philosophers cry, but you cut their right wrists and put them in the coffin", so it is called "the Queen Mother with Broken Wrist". [10] In February of the first year of Tonghe (983), Liao was buried. "Being close to Lucky Lang, drinking actor Tarru, is a martyr." [1 1] In addition, it is recorded that Jing Zong's third female life extension slave "went hunting and was killed by a deer", and her mother Xiao Huanghou "hanged [her husband's] head and buried it". [ 12]
Third, the preservation of the body has a unique means. The article "Lu Ting's funeral" [13] contains:
In his rich family, someone died, and used a blade to break the stomach, wash the intestines and stomach, sew fragrant medicine, salt and alum, and it was colorful. He also pricked his skin with Jianweijian, discharged ointment and blood.
This method of curing mummies was adopted by Emperor Taizong of Liao when he was dying. According to "History of the Old Five Dynasties" (volume 137) and "Biography of Qidan", in April of the first year of Datong (946), Emperor Taizong of Liao died suddenly in Luancheng (now Hebei) on his way home after attacking Jin, and his body was treated like this by his followers:
The Khitans dismembered their bodies, took out their intestines and stomach, and transported them to the north with salt. The purpose of the Han people is to be "emperors".
According to Liu Gang's diary [14], Lu Ye was founded in the eighth year of Daan (1092) and went to the Northern Song Dynasty in the first month. He died in Huazhou (east of hua county, Henan Province), and his entourage "hung upside down, out of my mouth and nose, pricked my skin with a pen, and painted my body with alum to make it thin." According to the custom of Qidan, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty gave "mercury and borneol as mourning." [15] There is a similar record in Zhang Shunmin's Painting Record, which is called the "noble ceremony" of Qidan. [ 16]
Fourth, wear copper wire mesh clothes to cover the metal surface. According to Lu Ting's funeral, the rich family in Qidan protected the body like this:
Make a mask of gold and silver, and wrap its hands and feet with copper wire.
When the princess got married, among all kinds of gifts, there was a "corpse-covering instrument", [17] probably related to this. This custom has been confirmed by archaeological discoveries. A large number of mesh mourning clothes woven with copper wire have been unearthed from tombs in Liao Dynasty, including clothes, trousers, gloves, foot covers, headdresses, full-body clothing covers and so on. [18] Scholars have speculated a lot about the causes of this funeral custom, such as preventing the scattered bones, protecting the immortal body, avoiding the victims of the soul, coming from religious beliefs, etc., all of which need further study.
It is worth noting that after the establishment of the Liao Dynasty, although the habit of celestial burial in the early days of Qidan was broken, the custom of cremation did not change, and many people were cremated first and buried later. For example, school official Wang said that after his death, his body was disposed of like this. Leslie said in Wang Shuo's Epitaph and Preface (Twenty-four Years of Unification):
Burning funeral, ceremony also. [ 19]
So Wang Yun, a Yuan Dynasty man, called cremation "the legacy of Qidan". [20] Among the hundreds of Liao tombs that have been excavated, cremation tombs account for one third. [2 1] Some cremators' ashes are placed on the corpse platform or in the middle of the tomb, while others are stored in clay pots or sarcophagus.
Injection and release
[1] The word "shade of summer food" is supplemented by 200 volumes of Tongzhi Biography of Qidan and 72 volumes of New Five Dynasties History Appendix I of Siyi.
[2] [7] [8] [9] [11] [17] detachment and so on. : Liao History Volume 1 16 Interpretation of Emperor Ji's Mandarin; Volume 134 "The Four Sages"; Volume 19 "Xing Zong San Ji"; Volume 1 Chronology of Mao; Volume 10 "The Legend of the Holy Clan"; Liao History Volume 52 Five Rites of Chiayi. Zhonghua Book Company 1974 School-based.
[3] Vae compiled: "Song Yaoyao's Draft" Fan Yi 2 Volume 5. Copy of Zhonghua Book Company 1957.
[4] See Jia: "Study on the Funeral System in Khitan", in Journal of Inner Mongolia University, No.2, 1978.
[5] Tuotuo, etc. : Song History Volume 30 1 chapter is frequently transmitted. Zhonghua Book Company 1977 School-based.
[6] See the former Rehe Provincial Museum Preparatory Group: Excavation Report of Liao Tomb in Dayingzi, Chifeng County, Journal of Archaeology 1956, No.3. ..
[10] Ye Longli: Records of the Kingdom of Qidan (Volume 13) The Biography of Taizu's Narration of Law. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1985 School-based.
[12][ 15] Volume 469 yuan, in the first month of the seventh year. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1986 Photocopying.
[13][37] See Tao et al. : On cymbals, Volume VIII; Volume 36. Beijing China Bookstore 1986 Copy Hanfen Louben.
[14] See edited by Tao et al. On the cymbals, Volume 27. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House19.88 million copies of Weishan Tang Ben.
[16] Zhang Shunmin: "Painting Record". Silent Wen Yuan Gus Ku book.
[18] See Ma: Copper Wire Mesh and Related Issues in the Funeral Customs of Qidan, in Archaeology 1983, No.3.
[19] See Statement Compilation: All Liao Languages, Volume 5. Zhonghua Book Company 1982 Edition.
[20][23][28] Wang Yun: "Autumn Stream Collection" Volume 84 "On the Funeral Etiquette of China and the Capital". Silent Wen Yuan Gus Ku book.
[2 1] See Yang Jing: cremation tombs in Liao Dynasty, the third series of Liao Jin History, Bibliographic Literature Publishing House, 1987 edition.