At that time, ancient books and records were written in classical Chinese and spoken English. The latter is the focus of language research today.
Wei and Jin novels, such as Shi Shuo Xin Yu, are very colloquial. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties were both periods when Buddhism prevailed. During this period, many Buddhist scriptures for ordinary people were also written in spoken language, such as variations in Dunhuang suicide notes.
The scripts of the Song Dynasty, Yuan Qu and popular novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all works written in spoken language at that time. As for modern Chinese, its grammar is deeply influenced by European languages, and Europeanization is quite serious.
This does not refer to vocabulary, which is too Europeanized to be measured, but refers to its many language structures, which are no longer pure Chinese. Do not believe me, you can analyze the sentences in A Dream of Red Mansions. According to the grammar taught by the Chinese teacher in middle school, piles of sentences in A Dream of Red Mansions are all sick sentences.
2. According to which dynasty classical Chinese was adopted: Classical Chinese was the written language in ancient China, mainly including the written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record words, but bamboo slips and silks were used to record words, but silks were expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, it is necessary to delete unimportant words. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using official documents between the ruling classes was stereotyped, and the use of "classical Chinese" evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. When people use the term "ancient Chinese", it is given three different meanings in different contexts: ancient Chinese, ancient Chinese and classical Chinese. Ancient Chinese first refers to "ancient Chinese" since Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which has a history of more than 3,000 years. Like all things, language is constantly developing and changing. In the past 3000 years, Chinese has experienced great changes. According to the changes of Chinese grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, scholars divide ancient Chinese into three development periods: ancient, medieval and modern. Ancient refers to before the 3rd century BC. That is, the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties in history. Conclusion: Classical Chinese has existed since the dynasty, that is, it existed in Xia Dynasty, but it was recorded in Shang Dynasty, so it can be regarded as originating from Shang Dynasty at the earliest.
3. Is there any difference between the classical Chinese in Qing Dynasty and the classical Chinese in the previous dynasty? How do I see that Cao Xueqin's classical Chinese is the written language of China, mainly including the written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. It is commonly known as "almost". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record words. Bamboo slips and silks were used to record words, but silks were expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to write more things on a roll of bamboo slips, it is necessary to delete unimportant words. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" between the ruling classes had been finalized. Being able to use "classical Chinese" has evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Now let me explain to you that the so-called classical Chinese refers to the grammar used by people to write articles from ancient times to the Qin Dynasty. This grammar is based on people's speaking habits at that time. Later, in the post-Qin era, the way people spoke and wrote articles became more and more different, that is to say, they spoke and wrote articles in different languages. Classical Chinese handed down from the pre-Qin period has been changing. For example, the speeches of the Han Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty are similar, but the speeches of the Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty are far from each other. We modern people estimate that we can understand a little when we return to the Song Dynasty. We were afraid of trouble in the Qing dynasty, but now writing articles is different. Even articles written thousands of years ago, we can basically understand them, such as The Analects of Confucius and The Warring States Policy, because the way of writing articles has remained basically unchanged for thousands of years. There are many kinds of classical Chinese that can be preserved, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose, ancient prose and so on. Unfortunately, it is said that A Dream of Red Mansions is not written in classical Chinese, and there are some lyrics like Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Yuanqu, as well as many novels and modern articles in the late Qing Dynasty. Because more consideration is given to the masses, so that ordinary people can understand, so most of them use vernacular, because it is actually the vernacular at that time. A dream of red mansions is only the language spoken by people in Qing dynasty, not the real classical Chinese.
4. Is classical Chinese the same in every dynasty? Although they are all written in classical Chinese, they are slightly different because of different dynasties.
But the purpose is the same, all articles are written in written language. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement.
Try to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start.
When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them after the translation. After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs.
The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.
The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns.
The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word.
These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
5. Is classical Chinese handed down from generation to generation? Question 1, basically, the words and grammar of classical Chinese have not been deliberately treated, but there are different idioms in different times, or sentence patterns, which belong to the natural development of language and writing. The classical Chinese we see today is basically the original text at that time (mistakes such as omission of copying and printing are not excluded). The second question, there are some ways to deal with classical Chinese. However, unlike our work of translating classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese today, China literati still have a sense of historical responsibility. They will not tamper with the cultural heritage of the ancients at will, but will only integrate the contents. There are two well-known word sorting projects, one is the compilation of Yongle Dadian in Ming Dynasty, and the other is the compilation of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty. From Qin dynasty to Qing dynasty, after nearly 2000 years' development, the vocabulary of classical Chinese is rich. Grammatically, it is basically the same. Third, only China (and neighboring countries affected by China) in the world have great differences in spoken and written languages. Of course, China's original written and spoken languages are basically the same. We can see that the first-person pronoun uses "I" in the folk songs recorded in The Book of Songs (for example, "I" or "I" in classical Chinese later. The reason is that people want to record it in words. Before paper appeared, words were often cast on metal utensils (such as ding) and carved on bamboo pieces, which was very troublesome no matter how to get them. Moreover, people in China have long discovered that people's spoken language changes rapidly, and many words are very popular now, but they are quickly eliminated. If recorded directly in spoken language, not only the workload is heavy, but also it is difficult for future generations to understand. As a result, classical Chinese was formed, and later generations followed this grammar. It ensures the continuity of China culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and three religions and nine streams wrote books, which greatly developed classical Chinese. After the Qin Dynasty unified the written language, the cultural exchange in China was smoother, and the grammar of classical Chinese was fixed when it was spread to the Han Dynasty. By the way, different periods of writing are different. The articles in Qin and Han Dynasties mainly describe world events, which are called "ancient prose". During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the articles were gorgeous and parallel prose was catchy, which was called parallel prose. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, following the example of Qin and Han Dynasties, the style of writing was eclectic, mostly prose; In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of papermaking and printing, a small amount of spoken Chinese began to appear, which became less obscure than previous articles. Classical Chinese, as the official language of China, did not enter the historical stage until the New Culture Movement, which played a great positive role in the inheritance of China culture. However, it is difficult for ordinary people to control and is not conducive to communication, which is his fly in the ointment.
6. Find out the different meanings of the following notional words in classical Chinese. Love, security, soldiers, Korea, division, word, # # # soldiers 1 Collect soldiers from all over the world, and gather in Xianyang (weapons and ordnance). 2 Zhao Yisheng stationed soldiers for Qin, but Qin did not dare to move (soldiers and soldiers). 3 So he went to the army to make a plan and then cut his hand (with it). Bing Gu Voucher) # # # # # Korean clothes 1 (zhā o in the morning) 2 Like every dynasty, you often claim to be sick (appear before the court, worship) 3. Strong countries please accept it, and weak countries enter the court (appear before the court, worship) 4. So you go to the court to see the king (the court) 5 and offer your sincerity (the court) to the two generations. The verb # # # # # except 1, sweep the court at dawn (steps, nouns) 2. Eliminate the residue and filth for the Han family (cleaning and removing) 3. Take the rule of the former king to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages (clear, remove) 4. Remove the ruins of Wei Yan's abandoned shrine and bury it (renovate and repair) 5. Give it to the right prime minister and minister. Noun) # # # # # # word 1 and Hou Sheng once gave me a word and a half (word, word) 2 All words are called Fu Jian (word, literature) 3 On the pretext of moving to the imperial court) 4 I wouldn't avoid death, so I quit my job after drinking (declined) 5 Here I am, a year ago, far from the capital, and now I am in exile here in Jiujiang. Concern) 8 Knowledgeable, strong-willed, knowing how to deal with chaos, good at rhetoric (rhetoric, words of entertainment) 9 The king of Qin was afraid that he would break the wall, but politely refused (politely refused, politely apologized) 10 was a crime of resignation (order). I hope LZ will adopt it.