The cause of disease
The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma is related to race, and the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in whites is more than 45 times that of non-whites. The incidence of skin squamous cell carcinoma in immunosuppressed patients increased significantly, especially in organ transplant patients.
clinical picture
Squamous cell carcinoma is often cauliflower-like in appearance. Sometimes, cancer tissue is necrotic and exfoliated to form ulcers, resulting in a vicious smell. If cancer cells develop further, they will form invasive growth. Cancer cells can also metastasize to distant places and form secondary tumors.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is red induration in the early stage, and then develops into verrucous damage and infiltration, often accompanied by ulcers, purulent secretions and odor, which is found in the temporal region, forehead and lower lip.
diagnose
The diagnosis of diseases requires pathological examination of diseased tissues. Microscopically, the hyperplastic epithelium broke through the basement membrane and infiltrated deeply, forming an irregular cord-like cancer nest. According to the differentiation degree of cancer cells, they are divided into high, medium and low differentiation. The malignant degree of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is low, and that of poorly-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is high.
treat cordially
Surgical resection is the main method, early radical resection is enough, and comprehensive treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is better in the middle and late stage.
Question 2: What does squamous cell carcinoma mean? Basic overview: Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor originating from bronchial epithelium, which can be characterized by keratinization and/or intercellular bridging. Including spindle cell carcinoma, is the most common type, accounting for about 35%-45% of primary lung cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is usually considered to be related to the environment, especially sunlight. Long-term exposure to the sun and long-term exposure to the sun are the main potential causes of the disease. Trauma, radiation exposure and tar derivatives can also induce the disease. Discoid lupus erythematosus, chronic ulcer, leukoplakia mucosa, burn scars's disease and long-term unhealed sarcoma can all induce squamous cell carcinoma. Symptoms: Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 90% of skin cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma usually occurs between 30 and 50 years old. It is often transformed from precancerous diseases such as keratosis and mucosal leukoplakia. Squamous cell carcinoma is dark red and hard at first, which is higher than the nodules on the skin surface. After that, the cuticle on the surface fell off and appeared red and rotten, accompanied by oozing blood and fluid, and the focus gradually expanded. Squamous cell carcinoma grows rapidly and forms ulcers at an early stage. Some of them are nodular or cauliflower-like, which has less invasion on the deep movable basement; Some are butterfly-shaped, with obvious infiltration into the deep and strong destructiveness, often involving bones. Squamous cell carcinoma is often accompanied by purulent infection, odor and pain. Regional lymph node metastasis and huge squamous cell carcinoma are more common, with incomparable stench, more purulent secretions and easy bleeding; Cervical lymph node metastasis occurred. Squamous cell carcinoma develops fastest at the junction of mucosa and skin, and patients with mucosa are more likely to metastasize. Squamous cell carcinoma mostly occurs on the basis of chronic ulcer, mucosal leukoplakia and xeroderma pigmentosum. The most common parts are eyelids, nose, lips, temples, cheeks, forehead and limbs, and foreskin, * * and trunk can also occur. Compared with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma develops rapidly and is prone to metastasis. According to statistics, the metastasis of lower limb skin cancer is more, followed by the back of the hand and the face and neck, and the blood metastasis is rare, and the lung is the most common metastatic organ. The damage of basal cell carcinoma develops slowly, with few regional lymph node metastasis and no distant metastasis. Squamous cell carcinoma of skin is a common skin tumor, and its incidence is second only to basal cell carcinoma of skin. Fibronectin (FN) is a macromolecular multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein isolated from LTBM cells in long-term human bone marrow culture system. It can connect various cells, growth factors and other ECM components, attract chemotactic macrophages, play the role of non-specific opsonin, and help macrophages (Mφ), lymphocytes (Lc) and cancer cells to play a cytotoxic role locally. There is a "synergistic transmembrane binding" between intracellular FN and actin microfilaments, which plays an important role in transforming cells. In this paper, the relationship between the changes of FN in 50 cases of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) and the biological behavior of cancer cells, as well as the reaction of Mφ and Lc in the stroma were studied. Edit this pathological epidermal keratinization. The tumor is composed of squamous epithelial cell mass, which irregularly infiltrates the dermis. The spinous cells are redundant hyperplasia, which are cord-like or nested cell mass with basal cell layer at the edge and keratinized cancer beads at the center. There are many mitotic images in the cancer cells, and the surrounding lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrate. Clinical diagnosis: generally divided into 4 types, the most common type is nodular ulcer. 1. Nodular ulcer type: At first, there were waxy nodules about the size of a grain of rice to peas on the epidermis, which were hard in texture, with a few dilated capillaries on the surface, slightly higher than the skin surface, or just like erythema without swelling, or slightly nodular, and the surface skin was slightly depressed downward. Nodules can gradually expand or appear new lesions, and merge with each other to form disc-shaped plaques with waxy luster. Brown, tan or dark gray scars often form in the center, and then ulcers occur under the scab, which gradually expand to form round, oval or plastic ulcers, ranging in size from rings to copper coins. The edge of the ulcer is solid, rolled up, often translucent and uneven, and the surrounding skin is not inflamed. The bottom is pearly or waxy, and sometimes the damaged surface is completely scabbed. Ulcer slowly spreads to the periphery and deep, such as rat bite, forming a typical clinical form of basal cell carcinoma, so it is called erosive ulcer. Ulcer can partially heal and scar, or spread to subcutaneous tissue, even cartilage and bones. All kinds of tissues can be destroyed into deep pits. Occurring on the face can destroy the cartilage and bone tissue of the nose, ears, orbit and maxillary sinus, causing bleeding or intracranial invasion or disfigurement. 2. Pigmented type: Nodules are flat and shallow, and the damage is the same as nodular ulcer type. ......& gt& gt
Question 3: The difference between cancer and squamous cell carcinoma Introduction of cervical cancer: Cervical cancer refers to malignant tumors that occur in uterus and cervical canal. The metastasis of cervical cancer can directly spread to adjacent tissues and organs, down to the vault and the wall, up to the uterine body, sideways to the pelvic tissue, forward to the bladder, and then to the rectum. It can also metastasize to cervical lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes, external iliac lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, and even later to clavicle and other lymph nodes in the whole body.
Etiology of cervical cancer 1, marriage factors Most patients with cervical cancer are married women. The first premature sexual intercourse and too much * * * are closely related to cervical cancer. The more * * *, the higher the relative risk of cervical cancer, and its incidence among prostitutes is four times that of normal people. Therefore, sexual life and marriage are closely related to cervical cancer.
2. Early primiparity due to fertility factors and high incidence of cervical cancer. 3. Pathogenic factors Many pathogens are closely related to cervical cancer, especially human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus II (HSVII). 4, other factors Some studies believe that * * * skin scale, * * trichomonas infection, syphilis, gonorrhea are all related to the occurrence of cervical cancer.
Pathological squamous cell carcinoma of cervical cancer accounts for 90% ~ 95% of cervical cancer, and adenocarcinoma accounts for only 5% ~ 10%. However, there is no special difference in appearance between the two cancers, both of which occur in the cervix or cervical canal. (a) before the development of invasive cancer, there is no special abnormality with the naked eye, or it is similar to general cervical erosion. With the appearance of invasive cancer, the cervix can show the following four types:
1. erosive type: there is a rough granular erosive area around the surface of the external cervix, or there is an irregular ulceration surface, which is easy to bleed when touched.
2. Exogenous type: also known as proliferative type or cauliflower type. From polypoid or * * * * like protrusions to cauliflower-like vegetation of different sizes, it is brittle and easy to bleed.
3. Endogenous type: also known as infiltration type. The cancer tissue has deep tissue infiltration in the cervix, and the cervix is hypertrophy and hard, but the surface is still smooth or only superficial ulcer.
4. Ulcer type: No matter whether it is exogenous or endogenous, the cancer tissue is necrotic and falls off, forming an ulcer, and even the whole cervix is replaced by a big hole. Because there are often secondary infections, there are malodorous secretions discharged. Cervical cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, can also grow into the cervical canal, making the cervix barrel-shaped, which is also endogenous. (2) Mirror inspection
1. Atypical hyperplasia: Atypical hyperplasia is characterized by proliferation of bottom cells. The bottom cells not only proliferate, but also have nuclear heterogeneity changes such as disordered cell arrangement, enlarged nucleus, dense staining and uneven chromatin distribution. Atypical hyperplasia can be divided into mild, moderate and severe.
① Mild atypical hyperplasia (anaplastic grade I): epithelial cells are slightly disordered, cells are slightly atypical, and atypical epithelium accounts for 1/3 under the epithelial layer.
② Moderate atypical hyperplasia (anaplastic grade II): epithelial cells are arranged in disorder with obvious atypia, which accounts for 2/3 of the subepithelial layer.
③ Severe atypical hyperplasia (anaplastic grade III): Almost all epithelial polarities are disordered or disappeared, and it is not easy to distinguish obvious cell atypia from carcinoma in situ.
2. Carcinoma in situ: Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is also called intraepithelial carcinoma. The polarity of the whole epithelium disappears, the cells are obviously abnormal, the nucleus is large and deeply stained, the chromatin distribution is uneven, and there is mitotic stage. However, the lesion is still confined to the epithelial layer, without penetrating the basement membrane and interstitial infiltration. Atypical cells can also enter the transitional cervical gland along the opening of the cervical gland cavity, so that the original columnar cells of the gland are replaced by multiple layers of atypical squamous cells, but the basement membrane of the gland remains intact. This condition is called cervical carcinoma in situ involving glands.
3. Early invasive cancer under microscope: On the basis of carcinoma in situ, occasionally a small group of cancer cells have penetrated the basement membrane and invaded the stroma near the basement membrane like tears. The depth of infiltration is not more than 5 mm, the width is not more than 7 mm, there is no mutual fusion between cancer foci, and there is no sign of vascular invasion in the stroma. No clinical features.
4. Squamous invasive carcinoma: When the cancer cells penetrate the epithelial basement membrane and invade the stroma to a depth of more than 5mm, it is called squamous invasive carcinoma. Dendritic, cord-like, diffuse or massive cancer nests may appear in the stroma. According to pathological sections, the differentiation degree of cancer cells can be divided into three levels:
① The first type: well differentiated. There is considerable keratinization in the cancer nest, and obvious cancer beads can be seen.
② Grade Ⅱ: Moderate differentiation (reaching the differentiation degree of cervical mesothelial cells), with no obvious keratinization in the cancer nest.
③ Grade Ⅲ: undifferentiated small cells (equivalent to undifferentiated cells in the cervical floor).
5. Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinoma comes from columnar epithelium covering the surface of cervical canal and glands in cervical canal. Under the microscope, you can see glands ... >>
Question 4: What does squamous cell carcinoma mean? Disease analysis: Hello, combined with your information, squamous cell carcinoma, also known as dermoid carcinoma, mainly begins with skin covering squamous epithelium. Suggestion: Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of skin epidermal cells. Usually occurs in the stratum corneum at the junction of eyelid skin and conjunctiva. At first it was nodular, similar to basal cell carcinoma, but rich in keratin. With the development of tumor, pain may occur, especially when the tumor invades the superior and inferior orbital nerves.