At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province. Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu.
Author Sima Qian, word length, Zuo Fengyi from Xiayang. Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he died in the third year of Emperor Zheng of Han Dynasty.
Sima Tan, the father of Sima Qian, made an official order in the central government of Han Dynasty, in charge of imperial books, collecting historical materials and studying astronomical calendars. Sima Tan intended to write a general history, but his wish didn't come true and he died. When he died, he told Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business.
Sima Qian worked hard as a child. At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to study the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram and the History of Ancient Literature. Emperor yuan Shuo of the Han dynasty was three years old, and Sima Qian was twenty years old. With the desire for knowledge, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, inspected historical sites and collected legends from all over the country. Sima Qian broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge by on-the-spot investigation of places of interest and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which made a good preparation for the later compilation of Historical Records. After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian inherited his father's footsteps, formulated imperial edicts, and was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives, which was an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile historical books.
In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian began to write historical records. In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led the troops to attack the Huns with Li Guangli, and they were defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu asked Sima Qian what he thought of Li Ling, so Sima Qian said that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and had no reinforcements, and the responsibility was not entirely on Li Ling. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian intended to excuse Li Ling's return, so he denounced Li Guangli, the love brother of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As a result, Sima Qian was put in prison and sentenced to corruption. Three years later, he was pardoned and released from prison, and worked harder to write history books. It took about two years to compile this book. Many years after Sima Qian's death, his grandson Yang Yun made this immortal masterpiece of more than 520,000 words public.
Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient and modern times. It describes the history of China for about 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi to the first year of Emperor Wudi's yuanshou. According to Sima Qian, biographies 12, tables 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies and * * 130 books. Ban Gu in Hanshu? Sima Qian's biography mentioned that ten historical books were missing. Wei pointed out that these ten articles are Biographies of Emperor Jing, Biographies of Emperor Wu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Biographies of Generals since Han Dynasty, Biographies of Japanese People, Biographies of Three Kings, Biographies of Tortoise and Fujin. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but the incompleteness of Historical Records is beyond doubt. Today's Historical Records is also 130, and several chapters are obviously not written by Sima Qian. Chu Sun Shao, a doctor in the Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records when he was Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the "Mr. Chu's Theory" in Historical Records was his supplement. Historical Records has a wide range of materials. At that time, Shi Ben, Mandarin, National Policy, Ji Qin, Spring and Autumn Annals of Chu and Han Dynasties, Hundred Schools of Thought contend, and other national documents and archives, as well as materials obtained from field investigation, were all important sources of materials for Sima Qian to write Historical Records. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For some problems that cannot be clarified, we either take a skeptical attitude or record various opinions. Due to its extensive materials and serious attitude in compiling history, Historical Records is informative and rich in content.
2 Han Han Ban Gu 100
After Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, Ban Gu wrote Hanshu. Ban Gu, Meng Jian, was born in the eighth year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty. My father Ban Biao is a historian. He wrote 65 biographies to supplement the historical records. Hanshu was completed on the basis of Houzhuan. In the first year of Yongyuan, Ban Gu and Dou Xian, a general riding a chariot, attacked the Xiongnu and participated in a premeditated discussion. Later, because of some things in prison, Yongyuan died in prison for four years. At that time, there were still eight tables in Hanshu and Tianzhi. Emperor Gaozu asked Ban Gu's sister Ban Zhao to supplement, and Ma Xu assisted Ban Zhao in writing "Tianzhi". Ban Zhao is a unique female writer in Twenty-four History.
Hanshu includes twelve biographies, eight tables, ten records, seventy biographies, one hundred * * *, and later generations are divided into 120 volumes. Its chronicle began in the first year of Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, and ended in the fourth year of Emperor Wang Mang.
Compared with historical records, the style of Hanshu has changed. Shiji is a general history, and Hanshu is a dynastic history. "Hanshu" is called "Historical Records", which is a biography of the province, a biography of the province, a book record, and a family of Han Dynasty. These changes were inherited by some later history books.
The time recorded in Hanshu overlaps with Shiji, and the history of the Western Han Dynasty before the middle period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is recorded in both books. In this part, Hanshu often displaces Historical Records. However, due to the different ideological realm of the author and the different criteria for selecting materials, there are also additions, deletions and changes when transcribing.
Records of criminal law, five elements, geography and art have been added to Hanshu. For the first time, the annals of criminal law systematically recorded the evolution of the legal system and some specific laws and regulations. Geographical records record the administrative divisions, historical evolution and number of households of counties and countries at that time, and the records on local products, economic development and customs are even more striking. Yiwenzhi verified the origin of various academic schools and recorded the books handed down in the world. It is the earliest existing book catalogue in China. Shihuozhi evolved from PingZhun Shu, but its content is richer. It has two volumes. The first volume talks about "grain", that is, the agricultural economy; The second volume of Commodities, namely, Commercial and Monetary Conditions, was an economic monograph at that time.
Among the eight tables in Hanshu, there is a table of ancient and modern characters, from Tai Hao to Guangwu. It is "ancient" rather than "present", so it has aroused the contempt of future generations. Later generations highly praised Han Shu Bai Guan Guan Biao. The first part of this table tells about the establishment of posts in Qin and Han dynasties, the authority and salary of each official, and then records the rise and fall of officials and bureaucrats in Han dynasty with a brief table divided into 34 levels, such as 14. There is not much space, but it clearly shows us the changes in bureaucracy and bureaucracy at that time.
In terms of ideological content, Hanshu is not as good as Shiji. Ban Gu once criticized Sima Qian for "the theory of right and wrong is quite absurd for saints". This reflects their ideological differences. The so-called "sage" is Confucius. What is worthy of recognition is that Sima Qian did not take Confucius' thought as the criterion for judging right and wrong. But Ban Gu's knowledge is not as good as Sima Qian's. This change from Sima Qian to Ban Gu reflects that Confucianism, as a feudal orthodox thought in the Eastern Han Dynasty, has gained a firm foothold in the field of history. Hanshu likes to use ancient Chinese characters, which is difficult to read.
Ye Fan in the Southern Dynasties in the Han Dynasty 120
Ninety volumes of Hanshu were written by Ye Fan in the Southern Song Dynasty. Fan Yezi is a great man and Yang Shunren. From a noble family. His grandfather, Fan Ning, was a satrap of Jin Dynasty and wrote Gu Liang Ji Jie. The Biography of Gu Liang, Notes to Thirteen Classics, was written on the basis of Gu Liang Ji Jie. His father, Fan Taiguan, worships Dr. Jin Zi Guanglu and is a constant attendant. He is the right-hand man of Emperor Wu of Song Wudi. He read widely and devoted himself to writing, and wrote 24 good ancient and modern words. Therefore, Ye Fan has a deep family background and has always considered himself a noble family. He is aloof and informal by nature, and he doesn't want to live behind others, whether in his official career or in his writings. Become famous and then die.
In the ninth year of Yuanjia, Ye Fan offended Stuart Liu Yikang when he was mourning for Taifei in Pengcheng, and was demoted as the satrap of Xuancheng. Ye Fan was very depressed, so he relied on the revision of history to pin his ambition and began to write the Book of Were Han. In the twenty-second year of Yuanjia, he completed biographies and biographies, and at the same time, he and * * * completed five chronicles, such as Li Lezhi, Yu Fu Zhi, Wuxing Zhi, Tian Wenzhi and Zhou Junzhi. It was reported that he participated in the plot of usurping the throne by Liu Yikang, so he died in prison. For fear of being implicated, Xie Yan destroyed the manuscript in her hand, so only the biographical part of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was handed down.
Before Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, there were more than ten important works about the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ye Fan took "The History of the East View" as the basic historical data and Hua Tuo's book as the main blueprint, absorbed the strengths of his books, deleted the complexity and lacked it, sorted out the stories, surpassed others and came from behind. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty replaced the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was called the "Three History" together with Shiji and Hanshu, which prevailed in the world. However, except Justin's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, all the books of the Later Han Dynasty have been lost. So Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty has become the most basic basis for us to study the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The account of Ye Fan in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty began when Liu Xiu rose up and overthrew Wang Mang, and finally Emperor Xian of Han meditated on Cao Pi, which recorded the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty 195 in detail.
4 Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Shou 65
There are 65 volumes of The Three Kingdoms, including 30 volumes of Shu Wei, 0/5 volumes of Shu Shu/Kloc and 20 volumes of Wu Shu, which mainly record the history of Wei, Shu and Wu. The author Chen Shou, a native of Xi, was born in the 11th year of Jianxing after the Han Dynasty and died in the 7th year of Yuan Kang, Emperor Jinhui. He works as an official in Han Shu. At the age of 30, the Han Shu regime perished. After entering Jin, he was an official. Before Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, there were some historical books about Wei and Wu, such as Shu Wei, Wei Lue by Yu Huan and Wu Shu. Shu Wei and Wu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are mainly written according to these historical books. The regime of Shu did not set up historians, and there was no special person responsible for collecting materials and compiling the history of Shu. Shu Shu's materials were collected and edited by Chen Shou. Chen Shou's writing time is close to the Three Kingdoms, and there are not many achievements for others to learn from. In addition, as a private writer, he has no access to a large number of documents and archives. When we read the History of the Three Kingdoms, we will find that Chen Shou has the difficulty of lacking historical materials and the content is not sufficient. Chen Shou didn't keep a diary. If you want to understand the system of laws and regulations in the Three Kingdoms period, you have to turn to the Book of Jin. The History of the Three Kingdoms was well received at that time because of its good narrative, concise writing and proper tailoring. Xiahou Zhan, who was writing Shu Wei with Chen Shou at the same time, saw the History of the Three Kingdoms, and thought it unnecessary to write a new history, so he ruined his work. Later generations are even more admired, believing that the unique Chen Shu can be compared with Historical Records and Han Shu in the historical books that record the history of the Three Kingdoms. Therefore, the chronicles of the Three Kingdoms of other schools have been lost in obscurity one after another, and only the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms has survived to this day.
5 Jin Shu, Tang Shu, Fang, etc. 130
The Book of Jin consists of 130 volumes, including 10 Historical Records, 20 Chronicles, 70 Biographies and 30 Records. It records the two-year history of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty from Sima Yi to Emperor Xi of the Jin Dynasty, and describes the rise and fall of the sixteen kingdoms in the form of a factual record.
Emperor Taizong was an accomplished monarch, and he attached great importance to the compilation and revision of history books. Before Emperor Taizong, none of the historical materials about the Jin Dynasty were satisfactory. When Emperor Taizong revised Zhao, he criticized all historical works one by one. Writing a systematic, complete and interesting history of Jin Dynasty is a great wish of Emperor Taizong. In the twenty years of Zhenguan, Fang, Chu Suiliang and Xu Weijian organized the compilation of the Book of Jin.
It took only two or three years for everyone to write the book of Jin. There are two main reasons for the short writing time. First, the Book of Jin is backed by the government, and its manpower, material resources, financial resources and books and archives are guaranteed, which is incomparable to private history compilation. Second, there are many works on the history of Jin for reference. Because there is a blueprint as the basis, writing a book is naturally easier.
The Book of Jin pays little attention to the choice of historical materials, preferring to use anecdotes in novel notes, and some absurd remarks in Search and You are also included, which is not conducive to its historical value. In addition, there are inconsistencies and omissions in the book. Most of the authors of the Book of Jin are good at poetry and prose, and in the process of writing history, they often unilaterally pursue gorgeous rhetoric. Therefore, later generations criticized it as "striving for beauty and not seeking truth." This is also one of the shortcomings of the Book of Jin.
6 Song Shu Southern Dynasties Shen Liangyue 100
The Book of Song Dynasty is a biographical historical book, which records the historical facts of the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties from Liu Yu's founding of the country to Liu Zhun for 60 years. This is written by Shen Yue. The book has 100 volumes, 10 volumes, 30 volumes and 60 volumes. The author continued to write a book based on the old version of History of Song Dynasty by He Chengtian and Xu Ai.
Part of the biography was written in the sixth year of Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasties, and Zhi Zhu was considered as something after the first year of Longchang. The book is famous for its rich materials in Shilin, which is the basic historical material for studying the history of Liu and Song Dynasties.
Local chronicles are huge and detailed, accounting for half of the book. There is a preface to Shi Lu before Shi Lu, which records the compilation of the previous generation of Shi Lu in detail and traces the origin of the system recorded in each Shi Lu, which is helpful to make up for the shortcomings of the previous generation of historical records. County Records records the geographical evolution of the Three Kingdoms and the situation of overseas Chinese counties since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is helpful for historical research. The Annals of Fa Li includes all the characters of Jingchu, Yuanjia and Daming, and it is a precious material of calendar study.
Yuezhi recorded the situation of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. The Yuefu poems are classified and recorded, and a large number of Yuefu poems and Yuewu poems have been preserved since the Han and Wei Dynasties. Most of the "ancient poems" are left over from the Han Dynasty and are important documents for studying Yuefu and poetry history. The biography is detailed, listing more than 230 people. A large number of imperial edicts, scripts, letters and articles included in biographies are long in length, but they have a lot of historical value.
Shen Yue, the author of The Book of Song Dynasty, was a famous historian, litterateur and temperament scholar in the Southern Dynasties. He was born in Wu Kang, Xing Wu. Father Shen Pu, Liu Song was the satrap of Huainan, and Yuanjia was killed in the chaos of the royal family's struggle for power and position at the end of the year. Shen Yue was thirteen years old. As a teenager, Shen Yue encountered family difficulties, wandered around and lived in poverty. He is determined to study and study tirelessly day and night, so he reads widely and is good at poetry. Tian Jian died twelve years ago at the age of seventy-three. He was called "Hermit" and later "Hermit Hou".
7 Shu Qi Southern Liang Xiao Zixian 59
The Book of the Southern Qi Dynasty records the 23-year history of the Southern Dynasty from the first year of the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Emperor Gao of Qi to the second year of Qi Zhongxing. It is the earliest chronology of the Southern Qi Dynasty in China. Originally named Nan in Song Dynasty, it was written by Xiao Zixian, which is different from Li Bai's medicine North.
Xiao Zixian, the word Jingyang, was a historian and writer in the Southern Dynasties. Xiao Zixian was born in the royal family. He was knowledgeable and good at writing articles. He was a noble figure who joined the Liang Dynasty. He was familiar with or personally experienced many historical events and royal situations in Nanqi. Coupled with the Liang Dynasty and the Southern Qi Dynasty, there was no major war, and many books and documents were preserved, which provided favorable conditions for Xiao Zixian to write history books.
There are fifty-nine volumes in the Book of Southern Qi, including eight volumes of Emperor Ji, eleven volumes of Chronicle and forty volumes of Biography. The missing volume is the preface.
8 Liang Shu Yao Silian in Tang Dynasty 56
Liang Shu records the 56-year history from the establishment of Xiao Yan, Liang Wudi to the demise of Liang Jingdi's little local chronicles. The author is Yao Cha and his son Yao Silian.
Yao Cha, a native of Wukang, Xing Wu, was a historian of the Southern Dynasties. After Liang, Chen and Sui, Chen Ren was the secretary supervisor, the director of major projects, the official department minister, and Sui served as secretary Cheng. After entering the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi was ordered to compile History of Liang Chen for nine years and died unfinished. On his deathbed, he ordered his son Yao Silian to continue compiling history.
Yao Silian, in short, Yao Silian made full use of his father's historical works in his work of compiling history. It took seven years to complete the writing of Liang Shu and Chen Shu from three years to ten years of Zhenguan.
Although Yao Cha and Yao Silian are historians, they both have profound literacy in writing. In terms of historical writing, the writing style is simple and simple, and they do not pursue the floweriness and superficiality of rhetoric. They inherited the style and brushwork of Sima Qian and Ban Gu, which is valuable in the history of the Southern Dynasties.
9 Chen Shu Tang Dynasty Yao Silian 36
Chen Shu is a biographical history book of Chen in the Southern Dynasties, written by Yao Cha and Yao Silian and his son, which describes the historical events in the thirty-three years from his accession to the throne to Chen's pacification by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Yao Cha, whose real name is Boshen, Wukang, Yao Silian, whose real name is Jane, moved to Guanzhong after Chen's death and became a native of Wan 'an. Their deeds have been introduced in the preface of Liang Shu for reference.
Chen Shu Diji has six volumes, biographies of thirty volumes and * * thirty-six volumes.
The feudal regime of Chen Dynasty only existed for thirty-three years, and made no special achievements in politics, economy and culture, which may be related to this. Chen Shu is not as full as Liang Shu, and its biography and biography are too short.
10 Shu Wei Beiqi weishou 130
Shu Wei, a total of 124 volumes, including biography 12 volumes, 92 biographies and 20 recorded volumes. Because some records, biographies and records are too long, they are divided into three volumes, namely, the upper and lower volumes, or the upper, middle and lower volumes, which are actually * * * 130 volumes. By Wei Shou of the Northern Qi Dynasty.
Xianbei nationality is an ancient nationality at the eastern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains in northeast China. At the end of 1 century, with the disintegration of the Hungarian slave empire, Xianbei people gradually moved westward and became a powerful nation in the desert. At the beginning of the 3rd century AD, Louis, the leader of the Tuoba Department of Xianbei, established a representative country in Saibei. In 376 AD, the representative regime was destroyed by the pre-Qin Dynasty established by the clan. In 386 AD, the ministries of Tuoba Xianbei restored Tuoba as the acting king and rebuilt the political power. The original tribal organization of Tuoba Xianbei was dissolved, settled in farming and moved its capital to Pingcheng. In 398 AD, it was renamed Wei, which was called Northern Wei in history. Due to the absorption of advanced Han culture, the Northern Wei Dynasty became stronger and stronger, and finally unified the northern part of China in 439 AD, ending the turbulent situation in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong moved his capital to Luoyang and changed his surname to Yuanshi County, and carried out a series of sinicization reform measures. In Yuanke, Xuan Wudi, the Northern Wei reached its peak, attacked Hanzhong in the west, and got a glimpse of Bashu. In the east, Luoyang consolidated its defense and competed with the Liang Dynasty for Huainan, but it soon collapsed due to political corruption and people's resistance, and split into two confrontational regimes, the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei. The Book of Wei records the history from the early stage of Xianbei Tuoba Department to the replacement of the Eastern Wei Dynasty by the Northern Qi Dynasty in 550 AD.
Tuo Domineering ordered Deng Yuan to write ten volumes of Dai Ji, and compiled the historical events of this dynasty by year. In the second year of Tuoba Tao's becoming a god Jia, Taizu wrote the "Credentials", which was written into thirty volumes as a chronological style.
Shu Wei lost a lot in the process of circulation. This chronicle is short of two volumes, the biography is short of twenty-two volumes, and three volumes are incomplete. Later generations use other historical books to supplement it.
Wei Shou, a native of Quyang, Julu, Northern Qi Dynasty, was born with the word Bo and the small word Buddha. He is alert and literate, and he is called "three gifted scholars" together with Wen Zisheng and Xing Zicai, but he is frivolous and called "the butterfly of surprise". When he was ordered to write Shu Wei, he once claimed: "Which boy dares to defend it, and if he lifts it, it will be the sky, and if he presses it, it will be the ground." After the book was completed, the people clamored for "indecent history", and Wei Shousan changed its draft before it became the final version.
1 1 Beiqi Book Tang Dynasty Li Bai Yao 50
At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a massive rebellion took place in six northern towns. Later, Gao Huan, a junior military attache in Huai Shuo Town, gained the leadership of more than 200,000 Xianbei people and took control of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 534 AD, the filial piety emperor established by Gao Huan was forced to move westward to Chang 'an, so Gao Huan established another filial piety emperor Yuan and moved its capital to Yecheng, known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history. In 550 AD, Gao Huan's son Gao Yang abandoned filial piety and established Beiqi. The Eastern Wei Dynasty ruled the Yangtze River in the north and Qi Dynasty in the south, and confronted Liang Chen successively. Today, Shanxi, Henan and Hubei border on the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 577 AD, Northern Qi was annexed by Northern Zhou Dynasty.
The book of Northern Qi was originally named Shu Qi, and the word "North" was added in the Song Dynasty. Although it mainly recorded the history of the Northern Qi Dynasty, it actually recorded the history of about 80 years from Gao Huan's starting to the demise of the Northern Qi Dynasty, reflecting the rise and fall of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty.
Li Baiyao (565-648 AD) was born in Anping, Dingzhou (now Anping, Hebei) and was born in an official family. Li Baiyao was eager to learn and read books on classics and history since he was a child. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, he served as a concubine of the prince and attacked his father, Prince Anping. Zhenguan died twenty-two years ago at the age of eighty-four.
In the Northern Qi regime, uncles and brothers in the royal family killed each other, turning the short-lived dynasty of 20 years into six emperors. The Book of Northern Qi describes the power struggle between feudal rulers more. The Book of Northern Qi was seriously damaged during its circulation, and only 17 volume remains in its original state, and the rest are used by future generations. The addition of works such as the History of the North greatly reduced the value of the Book of the North Qi. But even so, it provides us with a dynastic history book to understand the history of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties.
12 Zhou Shutang Ling Hudefen, etc. 50
Zhou Shu, 53 volumes, including 8 biographies and 42 biographies. Tang Gulingde was the editor-in-chief, and Cen Wenben and Cui participated in the compilation.
At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, political turmoil and chaos broke out everywhere. Yu Wentai, who was born in Wuchuan Town, six northern towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty, led a group of Xianbei troops, mainly Wuchuan Town, and joined hands with Han Haozu armed forces in Guanlong area to establish the Western Wei regime. The third son, Yu Wenjue, was born in Wei Jianzhou in 557 AD, and was known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty in history. The Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, two successive regimes, ruled most of Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Sichuan today, as well as southern Shanxi, western Hubei and western Henan. With the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi Dynasty and Liang and Chen Cheng in the south of the Yangtze River. In 577 AD, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified northern China. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty and established the Sui Dynasty.
Although the title of Zhou Shu is "Zhou", it actually records the history of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties from the split of the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties in 534 AD to the Zhou Dynasty in Emperor Wen of Sui.
Due to the lack of information, and most of the characters recorded in Zhou Shu are the ancestors of the dignitaries in this dynasty, it seems thin and not true. But it basically reflects the establishment of Yuwen regime, the war between the three feudal regimes after the establishment, and the internal struggle of the upper class of Yuwen regime. It is the most basic and primitive history book to study and understand the history of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty today.
13 Zhideng. eighty-five
There are eighty-five volumes of Sui Shu, including five volumes of Emperor Ji, fifty volumes of Biography and thirty volumes of Chronicle. This book was compiled by many people, and it was divided into two stages, from the initial creation to the complete completion of * *, which lasted for 35 years. In the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (AD 62 1), Ling put forward the revision proposal of History of Liang, Chen, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasty. The following year, the Tang court ordered Mitchell to compile it, but a few years later, it was still not written. In the third year of Zhenguan (AD 629), the History of the Five Dynasties was rebuilt, and Wei Zhi "knew about it" and edited Sui Shu. The author of Sui Shu is well-read and has a high level of revision of history.
Sui Shu is the earliest extant monograph on the history of Sui Dynasty, and it is also one of the historical records with higher revision level in Twenty-five History.
First of all, it has clear guiding ideology. Emperor Taizong, who ordered the revision of the history of the Sui Dynasty, experienced the war to destroy the Sui Dynasty. After taking office, he often talked about the lessons of the demise of the Sui Dynasty and clearly put forward the view that "taking the ancient as a mirror, we can watch the rise and fall". Taking history as a mirror, taking history as a mirror, has become the guiding ideology of the revision of Sui History. Secondly, "Sui Shu" carries forward the fine historical tradition of expressing one's feelings directly, and the commentators are not so taboo. Editor-in-chief Wei Zhi is upright and upright. He presided over the compilation of biographies, and his writing style was not much, which was not taboo for the venerable master. For example, Wendi's "mean" arbitrariness, "unhappy poetry" and "hiding in the avenue", Yang Di's melodrama, killing his father and raping his mother, and "killing his flesh and blood, killing his loyalty" are all written according to the facts, and there is nothing to hide. Third, Sui Shu has preserved a great deal of political, economic, scientific and cultural materials. Ten of them recorded the laws and regulations of the Liang, Chen, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties, and some even dated back to the Han and Wei Dynasties.
14 heather Li Tang life extension 80
Southern History is a biographical historical work that combines the history of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. It began in the first year of Wu Yong (AD 420) and ended in the third year of Chen (AD 589), and recorded the history of the four dynasties during the Southern Dynasties 170. History of the South and History of the North are a pair of companion pieces, which were jointly compiled by Li Shishi and his son li yanshou.
Li Shishi (570-628 AD), born in Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan Province), was a historian from the Sui Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty at the end of the Southern Dynasties. He believes that the dynastic history of the Northern and Southern Dynasties is isolated from each other, with repeated records and lack of contact. He wrote "History of the South" and "History of the North" in chronological style, so that the history of the Southern Dynasties and the Northern Dynasties were compiled in these two historical books respectively. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Li Shishi took part in the Xia regime established by Dou Jiande, the leader of the peasant uprising, and served as the assistant minister of Shangshu Libu. Therefore, he was exiled to Xihuizhou (now Gansu) in the early Tang Dynasty, and was later pardoned and put back. He died in the second year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (AD 628), and neither the history of the South nor the history of the North was written. Since then, li yanshou has continued to write, collectively known as "History of North and South".
Li yanshou, whose name is Yao, whose date of birth and death is unknown, died in the Yifeng period of Tang Gaozong (676-679 AD), a historian in the early Tang Dynasty, and served as a bachelor of Chongxian Museum, with Fu Xilang as the official. During the period of Emperor Taizong, li yanshou participated in the compilation of Ji, Biography of Sui Shu and Book of Jin, and also participated in the compilation of History of the Tang Dynasty. But his main achievement is to inherit his father's footsteps and complete the writing of the history of the South and the North.
Heather is a new book published in 659 on the basis of Song Shu, Nan Qi Shu and Chen Shu. "History of the South" has biographies, biographies, no table and no ambition. Ten volumes of biographies, seventy volumes of biographies and eighty volumes of biographies. Its compilation method is to arrange biographies of emperors, royal families, kings and ministers according to the order of dynasties and the reign of emperors.
Song Benji has three volumes, Qi Benji has two volumes, Liang Benji has three volumes and Chen Benji has two volumes. In biographies, besides special biographies, there are nine kinds of "quasi-biographies".
"History of the South" is concise and concise, and it occupies an important position in history. Its deficiency lies in the author's sudden departure from the aristocratic position and excessive use of heirloom forms. For example, people with the same family name in different dynasties, regardless of age, are concentrated in one narrative, which actually becomes the genealogy of a large family. In the History of the South and the History of the North, there are also some biographies that are repeated.
15 Li Tang Yanshou, Northern History 100
History of the North, with a total volume of 100, including biography 12 and biography 88. It describes the 233-year history of the four feudal regimes of Wei, Qi (including the Eastern Wei), Zhou (including the Western Wei) and Sui in the Northern Dynasties from 386 to 6 18. Li yanshou, a historian from Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan) in the early Tang Dynasty, participated in the compilation of Sui Shu and the Book of Jin, and also wrote the History of the South.
The History of the North is mainly based on the four books of Wei, Qi, Zhou and Sui, but it also refers to various miscellaneous histories seen at that time and adds a lot of materials.
Generally speaking, although the contents of the History of the North are occasionally mixed, it is complete in style, rich in materials and concise in words, which is highly valued by later generations, so that Wei, Qi and Wednesday were incomplete after the Tang Dynasty, and later generations supplemented it with the History of the North. As materials for studying the history of the Northern Dynasties, The History of the North and the four books of Wei, Qi, Zhou and Sui complement each other and cannot be neglected.
16 Old Tang Book, Later Jin, Liu Shao, etc. 200
The Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907) was an important period of feudal society in China. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, which was officially edited by the Five Dynasties and the Jin Dynasty, is the earliest existing historical book that systematically records the history of the Tang Dynasty. Formerly known as the Book of the Tang Dynasty, the New Book of the Tang Dynasty written by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi in the Song Dynasty was renamed the Old Book of the Tang Dynasty. The Book of Old Tang Dynasty has 200 volumes, including 20 biographies, 30 chronicles and 150 biographies. At the end of Jin Dynasty, in the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu's Tianfu reign (AD 94 1 year), Shi Jingtang ordered Tang Shi to be repaired, and then Prime Minister Zhao Ying was responsible for supervising the repair. Zhao Ying immediately set up a compilation team, and the book was completed in the second year of the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (AD 945), which lasted only over four years.
The author of Old Books of the Tang Dynasty is not far from the Tang Dynasty and has access to a large number of historical materials of the Tang Dynasty, so he can compile such a 200-volume book in just over four years.
However, because the national history after Su Zong has not been compiled, and the records after Xuanzong have not been compiled, the author of Old Tang Shu is quite short of historical materials in the late Tang Dynasty when compiling Old Tang Shu. Although the author has done a lot of work in collecting historical materials, due to the hasty completion of the book, the account of historical events in the late Tang Dynasty is still rough, and there are many shortcomings in the possession and tailoring of materials, the integrity of style and the conciseness of words.
After the publication of New Book of Tang Dynasty, Old Book of Tang Dynasty was almost abandoned by people for a long time. Wait until the 17th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1538), and wait until it is reprinted.