The historical background of medieval Europe;
The period from the demise of the Western Roman Empire to the pre-Renaissance is called the "Middle Ages". At this time, feudal regimes all over Europe used church power and religion to monopolize social culture, which was called "the darkest period" by historians. Although humanistic thought is bound and works of art become the product of religion, it is not without achievements. The spread of Christianity has made art more closely linked with people's spiritual life, and the arts and crafts directly related to religion have developed unprecedentedly.
Medical aspects:
① Medical revolution. During the Renaissance, the ideological trend of doubting dogma and opposing authority rose. Thus, a medical revolution represented by Parachelsus (1493 ~1541) also rose in the medical field.
Medieval medical schools mainly talked about Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and the works of Galen and Hippocrates. The teacher followed the book, and everything was routine and lifeless. Renaissance mania soon spread to the medical field. Parachelsus pointed out that the life process of human body is a chemical process. When he was teaching in university of basel, he advocated writing books and giving lectures in popular German, which made medicine easily accepted by the public. This is a great reform. He attached importance to practice and opposed the tedious scholasticism and the stubborn tradition and authoritative concept in the Middle Ages. He said: "Without science and experience, no one can become a doctor. My work is not quoted from ancient authoritative works, but written by the greatest teacher-experience. " He bravely fought against ruthlessness and blind worship, and publicly burned the works of Galen and Avicenna.
② Establishment of human anatomy. Ancient people thought that the body was the place where the soul lived. In feudal society, autopsy was prohibited by all ethnic groups without exception. So human anatomy can't develop. In the medical books of this era, such as Anatomy written by Galen, almost all anatomical drawings are drawn according to animal internal organs. On the contrary, the culture of the Renaissance focused on people, and the first thing people paid attention to in the medical field was to study the structure of the human body.
Leonardo da Vinci of Italy was the first person to innovate anatomy. He thinks that as a realistic painter, he should understand anatomy, especially bones and muscles, so he engages in human anatomy. But so far, he has drawn more than 150 anatomical maps. Most of the paintings are accurate and beautiful. He first questioned Galen's anatomy. He used to blow into the trachea, but no matter how hard he tried, his heart didn't swell, so he came to the conclusion that Galen's theory that the lung and the heart were connected was wrong. He also checked the structure and shape of the heart, and his heart map was much more correct than the previous one. In addition, he also discovered the activity and properties of the aortic root valve, which proved that the function of the valve is to prevent blood from flowing back. The cardiovascular problems he mentioned quickly attracted the attention of medical scientists.
Vesaliua completed a textbook of human anatomy based on direct observation. Vesaliua studied at the University of Leuven and then transferred to the University of Paris. At that time, the two universities taught anatomy in high chairs, with teaching assistants and craftsmen operating under the stage, and only three or four autopsies were allowed at most a year. Vesaliua was not satisfied with this situation. He went to the wild at night and stole the body for autopsy. At that time, the University of Padua in Italy had the best anatomy classroom in Europe. So he went there to teach. 1543, he compiled the materials accumulated in his work into a book and published it publicly. This book is On the Structure of Human Body. This book points out that Galen made more than 200 mistakes, such as five lobes of the liver and two mandibles. It is pointed out that Galen's anatomy is based on monkeys and other animals. Although Vesaliua was criticized by conservatives at that time, his students developed anatomy.
(3) A. Paley improved the condition of operation. In the Middle Ages, surgery was despised because it was dirty, and general surgery was done by hairdressers. Paley in France is a barber and surgeon. He used to be a military doctor. In the treatment of war wounds, ointment was used instead of boiling oil to treat firearm wounds, and good results were achieved. He also used ligation instead of cauterization to stop bleeding, performed ectopic fetal inversion, and created artificial hands and feet. He doesn't know Latin and he doesn't believe in Catholicism. His works are written in Mandarin French.
④ A new viewpoint of infectious diseases. From 14 to 16 century, infectious diseases were very popular and killed countless people. At this time, G. Fracastoro (about 1478 ~ 1553) put forward a new viewpoint on infectious diseases. He believes that infectious diseases are caused by a kind of "particle" that can reproduce. He also pointed out three ways of infection.
In short, in the16th century, European medicine got rid of the shackles of ancient authority and began to develop independently. Its main achievement is the establishment of human anatomy. This not only shows the revival of an ancient discipline at a new level, but also marks the beginning of a new journey of medicine.
17th century16th century, a revolution took place in the Netherlands, resulting in an independent bourgeois country, the Netherlands; /kloc-In the 7th century, Britain overthrew the absolute monarchy and established a bourgeois parliamentary system. The emerging bourgeoisie plays a progressive role in developing industry and commerce, supporting science and technology and advocating tolerance. Philosophically, Bacon put forward empiricism, advocated observation and experiment, advocated that all knowledge came from experience and advocated induction. His famous saying "knowledge is power" inspired the exploration enthusiasm of future generations. Descartes is the representative of rationalism. He values people's thinking ability. At the same time, he applied the mechanistic viewpoint to the study of physiological problems, which had a great influence on the life science of later generations. During this period, some scientific societies also appeared, which promoted exchanges and scientific progress. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, British science was in a leading position. References:
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People's clothes:
Food, clothing, housing and transportation: the color and style of clothes are stipulated by law. Non-nobles are not allowed to wear gold, silver, velvet or fur clothes. Farmers can only wear black and gray, and nobles can pursue beauty, which is the promoter of clothing reform at that time; However, there were still many defects in the clothing at that time, such as no shirts and pajamas, and there was little difference in clothing styles between men and women.
There is also an academic discussion about medieval European clothing, too much! (all major European countries have it) but it is very complete. Can the landlord refer to /viewthread.php? tid=9488
I hope the information I find will be helpful to the landlord.