1, official department: also known as Tianguan, in charge of the appointment, removal, examination, promotion, transfer and award of civil servants throughout the country;
2. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: also known as local officials, in charge of land, household registration, taxation, currency, official salaries, fiscal revenue and expenditure, etc.
3. Rites Department: also known as Spring Official, in charge of national laws and regulations, etiquette, schools, imperial examinations and foreign affairs activities;
4. Ministry of War: also known as Xia Guan, it is in charge of the selection of military officers and military records, ordnance, military orders, post stations and other affairs.
5. Ministry of Punishment: also known as Qiu Guan, in charge of state laws, prisons and other affairs;
6. Ministry of Industry: also known as Winter Official, in charge of various government decrees such as engineering, artisans, reclamation, water conservancy and transportation.
Ministers are called "ministers" and deputy ministers are called "assistant ministers".
Second, the ancient and modern comparison
1, official department: Central Organization Department, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security;
2. Ministry of Housing: Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Civil Affairs;
3. Ministry of Rites: Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Culture;
4. Ministry of War: Ministry of National Defense;
5. Punishment Department: Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Public Security;
6. Ministry of Industry: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and Ministry of Transport;
7. Yushitai (Duchayuan): Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the National Supervisory Commission (NSC), the Supreme People's Procuratorate;
8. Dali Temple: the Supreme People's Court.
Three. Organization introduction
1, official department
The official department is the organ that manages civil servants. It is responsible for the system of rank selection, testing methods to encourage students, issuing codes to reward them, and finally finalizing the system.
The official department consists of four departments: the official department of Ming and Qing dynasties, the official department of literary selection, the official department of printing inspection, the official department of collection and the official department of examination. The official selection department is responsible for reviewing the ranks of civil servants, and listing, rewarding, selecting, promoting and handling monthly elections.
The seal inspection department is in charge of titles, official positions, favors, difficulties, invitations and donations. Ji Xun was in charge of the civil service, and finally supported it, dealing with the inheritance, naturalization, renaming and surnames of officials. The examination department is responsible for the division and discussion of civil servants, handling inspections and major plans in Beijing.
2. Family Department
The Ministry is responsible for the territory, land, household registration, taxation, wages and all financial affairs of the whole country. Its internal government affairs are divided into three divisions according to the regional division of labor: Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan and Guizhou. Qing increased Jiangnan division to fourteen divisions.
In addition to being in charge of money and grain in this province, all departments are also in charge of some common affairs of other yamen, and their responsibilities overlap. In addition to the above departments, there are also the Eight Banners Salary Office and the current Audit Office in Qing Dynasty, which are in charge of the Eight Banners affairs. The institutions affiliated to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development are: Ganfatang and Baoquan Bureau, which are in charge of casting money; The third bank of the household department in charge of the national treasury; Warehouse yamen, in charge of warehousing and water transportation.
3. no
The etiquette department is in charge of etiquette affairs and school and imperial examination affairs. Test yourself, Jia, Jun, Bin and Fierce Five Rites; Manage state school affairs, imperial examinations and vassal contacts with foreign countries.
There are four divisions under the Ritual Department, in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ritual Litigation Department, Ritual Department, Military Ceremony and Management Department and Imperial Examination Department; Sacrifice lawsuits in the temple, in charge of auspicious ceremonies and fierce ceremonies; Preside over the cleaning work of the guest service department, be responsible for the guest service ceremony and receive foreign guests; Food cleaning department, in charge of banquets and prison affairs. In addition to the fourth division, there was also a casting and printing bureau in the Qing Dynasty, which was responsible for casting the emperor's treasures and printing letters from domestic and foreign officials. Together with four translation companies, he is responsible for receiving governors, foreign envoys and translators.
4. Ministry of War
Ming presided over the selection and award of military health and military attache throughout the country, and made concise decrees. Responsible for organizing the national green camp soldiers and Wu Zhi officials. Military officials inside and outside the post awarded the seal of the film, the system of carrying the post, the method of checking the simplification and the number of soldiers.
There are four divisions under the Ministry of War: selecting the army to clear the lawsuit, examining the rank of Wu Zhi officials and their selection, promotion, inheritance and knighthood, and managing the Tusi; Driving the Qing government office, in charge of the national horse administration and job biography;
The official department of the staff department is responsible for the narration, examination, pension, brief reading, inspection and military patrol of Wu Zhi officials, and manages customs bans and sea bans; The armory lawsuit is responsible for the examination of the national army, military equipment and martial arts. In addition, the Qing Dynasty set up a salary hall to inspect the official salary of Wu Zhi; Manage the affairs of the capital postal service together with the museum; The good news office is responsible for delivering documents.
5, punishments
The Ministry of Punishment is the institution in charge of the national penalty laws and regulations and the examination of criminals' names. Together with the Supervision Department and Dali Temple, it is responsible for the final examination and examination of major cases. * * * is the "three legal systems".
The specific duties of the Ministry of Punishment are: examining various laws, examining criminal cases sent to it from all over the country, trying death penalty and "pending trial" cases with Jiuqing, and directly trying pending criminal cases in Gyeonggi area. The internal organization of the Ministry of Punishment is divided into 13 divisions by province, which have the same name as the departments of the Ministry of Housing. In the Qing Dynasty, there were four divisions in Zhili, Fengtian, Jiangsu and Anhui, making it seventeen divisions.
In addition to checking the criminal names of this province, various departments in the Qing Dynasty were also responsible for sending and receiving some documents from other provinces and yamen and some daily government affairs. In addition, the Qing dynasty set up a supervision department to be responsible for the escape of flag catchers; Autumn trial office, responsible for autumn trial and court trial;
The relief department, responsible for the remittance and verification of provinces and the relief of cases under trial; Prison office, responsible for jailers, inspecting prisoners in northern and southern prisons, and distributing prison clothes, prisoners' food and medicines; Punish the stolen goods in the treasury, collect the stolen money in the case and confiscate all the objects, and keep the cash of the department and the court seal; Redemption and punishment, responsible for punishment; The Law Department is responsible for amending laws.
6. Ministry of Industry
The Ministry of Industry is the authority in charge of national engineering affairs. Responsible for the system of civil construction, the use of instruments, the methods of dredging canals and weirs, and providing the code of hundreds of millions of tombs. All civil engineering, water conservancy engineering, machinery manufacturing engineering (including weapons, munitions, military equipment, etc.). ), mining, metallurgy, textile and other government-run industries, but also some financial currencies and unified measurement.
There are four divisions under the Ministry of Industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties: training and clearing lawsuits, and building and repairing palace lawsuits; Yuheng is an honest official, in charge of the manufacture, sending and receiving of all kinds of official tools, and in charge of measuring and casting money; The official department of water supervision is responsible for estimating and selling the project cost and making imperial edicts and official documents; The waste removal lawsuit is responsible for the repair and approval of the mausoleum, receiving materials and part of the tax.
In addition to the fourth division, there is also a manufacturing warehouse in the Qing dynasty, which is responsible for manufacturing the emperor's chariots, books, treasure boxes, rituals, sacrificial vessels and so on. Carefully save money and be responsible for the receipt and delivery of funds; The material estimation institute is responsible for the material quantity estimation, audit, supply and marketing of temples, palaces, city walls and yamen in Beijing.
7. Evolution
Six parts are the collective name of China's ancient algebra. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it is the general name of the official department, the household department, the ritual department, the war department, the punishment department and the Ministry of Industry in the central administrative organs. Also known as Cao Liu. Originated from the history of Qin Shaofu, it evolved from Cao in the later Han Dynasty.
8. location
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the six responsibilities were divided into the hands of Jiuqing. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shang Shu was divided into Cao Zhi and Cao Gradually became the department. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that Liubu was identified as an integral part of Shangshu Province. Compared with the six officials, officials, households (called the People's Department in Sui Dynasty), rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers in Zhou Li, most of the duties of Jiuqing in Qin and Han Dynasties were included.
In the Yuan Dynasty, six books were changed into Chinese book provinces. Ming Taizu abandoned the prime minister, taking ministers as world affairs, and six departments were directly responsible to the emperor, further improving their status. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Westernization Department was newly established, and the names of six departments were abolished.
9. Shangshu
Shangshu began in the Warring States period and was in charge of literature. The status of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is becoming more and more important. The Eastern Han Dynasty officially became an official to assist the emperor in handling government affairs. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government was divided into three provinces: Shangshu, Zhongshu and Menxia, and Shangshu executed government decrees.
After the Song Dynasty, the separation of the three provinces gradually became empty talk, and the administration was all owned by Shangshu Province. After the Ming Dynasty, six ministers, namely, officials, households, proprieties, soldiers, criminals and workers, were in charge of government affairs, and the six ministers were equivalent to ministers of state.
Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, is the official minister, Bai Juyi, a poet, is the minister of punishments, and Shi Kefa is the minister of war.
Extended data:
The development of history
1, six departments
Liu Bu, also known as Cao Liu. Originated from the history of Qin Shaofu, it evolved from Cao in the later Han Dynasty. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the six responsibilities were divided into the hands of Jiuqing. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shang Shu was divided into Cao Zhi and Cao Gradually became the department. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that Liubu was identified as an integral part of Shangshu Province.
Compared with the six officials, officials, households (called the People's Department in Sui Dynasty), rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers in Zhou Li, most of the duties of Jiuqing in Qin and Han Dynasties were included. In the Yuan Dynasty, six books were changed into Chinese book provinces. Ming Taizu abandoned the prime minister, taking ministers as world affairs, and six departments were directly responsible to the emperor, further improving their status.
2. Han dynasty
Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, set up Cao Liushi in Shangshutai, including Sangong Cao, Guan Cao, Ke Cao, 2000 Shi Cao and Zhongdu Guan Cao, which was the predecessor of Cao Liushi. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangshu began to be divided into six Cao Cao to govern state affairs. According to ancient books, there were three Cao Cao, official Cao, civilian Cao, guest Cao, two thousand stone Cao and all official Cao.
Among them, Cao Shangshu is divided into two people, named Cao Liu. After that, Cao Cao was divided into two Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, ministers and Cao Cao of the six countries changed repeatedly. In the Western Jin Dynasty, there were official departments, temples, five soldiers, Cao Tian, Du Zhi and Cao Liu, Zuo Min, which belonged to Shangshu Province.
3. Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties
During the Sui, Tang and Yuan Dynasties, the official rank of six ministers was positive, and the six ministers in the Song Dynasty were obedient.
In the early Sui Dynasty, there were official departments, ritual departments, military departments, military departments, capital officials and industrial departments. To the Tang Dynasty, it was designated as six departments: official, household, ceremony, soldier, punishment and industry. Before Sui and Tang Dynasties, Cao was a senior official.
After Sui and Tang Dynasties, Cao was an organization subordinate to ministers such as Du, Cang, Zuo, You, Jin and so on. In the Tang Dynasty, the state capital, the three fairs, was also divided into six Cao Cao, namely, Gong Cao, Cang Cao, Hu Cao, Bing Cao, Fa Cao and Cao Shi. This is also called six divisions, namely, company, warehouse division, Hu division, military division, justice division and division.
There are also six Cao's in prefectures and counties, which are called soldier Cao, criminal Cao, worker Cao, ritual Cao, household Cao and official Cao. Therefore, Cao Liu is usually called a local petty official. Many changes have taken place since then.
In the early Sui Dynasty, there were official departments, ritual departments, military departments, official departments and industrial departments. In the Tang Dynasty, the branch was changed to the Ministry of Family Affairs, and the official was changed to the Ministry of Punishment, so it became the six departments of official, household, ceremony, soldier, punishment and industry, unified in Shangshu Province.
Because it was in the Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was unified in Zhongshu Province, with officials, households and ceremonies as the left three parts and soldiers, criminals and workers as the right three parts. There are two ministers, two assistant ministers, four practitioners and six foreign ministers in charge of three departments respectively.
4. Ming and Qing Dynasties
The Six Departments of Ming Dynasty were directly responsible to the emperor and became the highest institution in charge of state administrative affairs. Each department has a minister who is in charge of the government affairs of the department, and the ranks of the six ministers are positive.
Qing Tiancong five years (163 1), copied six pieces. At the beginning, Baylor (prince and county king) was the prime minister's ministries. After the first year of Yongzheng (1723), college students often took charge of various ministries. Six titles, similar in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The official department is the organ that manages civil servants. The Ministry is responsible for the territory, land, household registration, taxation, wages and all financial affairs of the whole country. The etiquette department is in charge of etiquette affairs and school and imperial examination affairs.
The Ministry of War is in charge of national soldiers and Wu Zhi officials. The Penal Department is responsible for the national penal laws and regulations and reviewing the names of criminals. The Ministry of Industry is the authority in charge of national engineering affairs.
5. Late Qing Dynasty
In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), the Qing government changed the government office for state affairs as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was the beginning of adding a new department besides six departments. In 29 years, the Ministry of Commerce was added. Thirty-one years later, the school department and the inspection department will be added. The six-part system has gradually changed.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the Qing government announced "imitation of constitutionalism", renamed the Ministry of Housing as a degree department, the Ministry of War as a war department, and the Ministry of Industry and the newly established Ministry of Commerce merged into the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. The original hospital was renamed as the management department, the criminal department was renamed as the law department, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications were added.
Incorporate the original Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple and Honglin Temple into the Ministry of Rites, add two halls of Cheng Zheng and Senate, three departments of Zhiyi, Taichang and Guanglu, a library and a school of Rites. In April of Xuantong three years (19 1 1), the Qing government established the responsible cabinet.
In May, the responsible cabinet promulgated the official system, set up the Patent Office and the Civil Service Bureau, and the official department was abolished. In June, the Ministry of Rites was changed to the Ministry of Rites, which became the organ of the Qing government responsible for the ritual system of imperial palaces and tombs and the making of ritual vessels, and was responsible for the cultivation of rites and music and the formulation of more rules. The six-part system has changed.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Six Books