The first way is to "change" and the second way is to "oppose".
Saints use it: Ming Dow, use reverse change.
Lao Tzu said; "Tao can be Tao, very Tao. Names can be named, not very famous "(chapter 1). These two sentences are the first in the opening of Tao Jing, and they are of great significance to Laozi's whole book. In the form of speculation, it shows the dialectical relationship between stipulation and negation, finiteness and infinity.
Spinoza once put forward a famous proposition; "The rule isno." This proposition of history illustrates such a truth; For an infinite entity, every qualitative determination of it must mean the limitation of its infinity, which means negation.
Spinoza once compared infinity to a circle. Because line segments have neither a starting point nor an ending point when forming a closed circle, the mass is infinite (although the number is limited). However, the line segment of any other kind of open-ended problem, no matter how long it can extend in quantity, is always defined by the starting point and the end point in quality, so it is limited (this is what Hegel means when he compares "absolute concept" to a circle).
"Tao can be Tao, very Tao. A name can be named, but it is an unusual proposition, which has the same meaning as Spinoza's proposition of "stipulation is negation". Laozi believes that the record itself has neither a beginning nor an end, and "the rope cannot be said" (Chapter 14) is an infinite entity that cannot be specified. But on the other hand, Lao Tzu believes that Tao is not something beyond the universe, it exists in the universe and in things.
Here I actually put forward a proposition containing contradictory structure, namely:
On the one hand-
Tao cannot be said or named. ("Tao can be Tao, very Tao. Famous, very famous. " ) (Chapter 1)
Tao is invisible without image. ("It means no shape, no image." ) (Chapter 14)
On the other hand—
The Tao can be said, and the name can be named. ("I don't know its name, but it is a powerful name, the word says." ) (Chapter 15)
"Since ancient times and today, its name has not gone, so it is round." (Zhangzi)
Tao is tangible and vivid. ("there is something", "there is an image" and "there is an essence". ) (sub-meaning)
Here we see Kant's so-called "antinomy", which is also the so-called "paradox" in logic.
Hegel once pointed out: "Eastern philosophers often call God multi-named or infinite ... Because of the limited concept of nouns, it cannot meet the needs of rationality." (The Little Black Series, page 109) This is why Lao Tzu regards Tao as impossible.
Laozi believes that the Tao that controls and transcends everything is the root of everything. "Too many things, each to its root" (chapter 16). From this point of view, he leads to the epistemology of anti-sentimentalism. He said: "The world has a beginning, and the secretary thinks that the world is the mother. Let the mother know her son. " (Chapter 52) "You can know the world without leaving home. You can know heaven without peeking at you. (Chapter 47) "It is far away, but little is known. Knowing that saints can't do it, they don't see it. " (47 meaning)
There are many things in the universe, but "Tao" is their totality and foundation. Due to the diversity of all forms and phenomena, any sensory grasp can only reach one-sided parts. Only rational speculation can grasp the overall entity and ontology "Tao" of all things, so as to achieve "I don't know, I don't do it".
He always belittles perceptual knowledge because he realizes that perceptual knowledge is superficial, one-sided, accidental and subjective from the phenomena of the universe and the flow of human experience. Hegel pointed out:
"For those who assert the authenticity and certainty of sensory objects, they'd better go back to the lowest wisdom school ... because for those who understand this mystery, they not only doubt the existence of sensory things, but even despair about their existence. On the one hand, they deny sensory things, on the other hand, they also see sensory things deny themselves. " (Lecture Notes on the History of Philosophy, Volume II, 24 1 page)
It is from this kind of denial of perceptual things that Laozi went to doubt and deny perceptual knowledge. He asked for transcending perceptual phenomena and directly going deep into the understanding of the universe entity-Tao. He believes that only by understanding this universal law can we deduce a priori knowledge of various special things. Therefore, the essence of Laozi's anti-sentimentalism epistemology is an embryonic rationalism in China's ancient philosophy.
L explanation 2
way
The truth can be known, but it is not necessarily well known. What is the truth?
The human world is boundless, and the immortal way is boundless.
When ghosts are happy, be the door of life.
Fairy way is precious in life, and ghost way is precious in the end.
Fairy roads are often self-destructive, while ghost roads are often self-destructive.
Noble, beautiful and sad.
I only hope that heaven will succeed, and I don't want human beings to be poor.
There are many ghosts in Quanmiao House in the north.
It is to curb people's calculations and cut off people's lives.
A man sang a hole chapter to shoot Beiluotan.
Recite the demon and chop the six ghost faces of the palate.
The weather is swaying, and I am growing sturdily.
I have briefly explored Buddhism, and destruction is the only way to cross it.
What is Tao? Give up worldly desires, become a generation of saints, and sit back and watch human feelings change? What about enlightenment? So what if you live forever? Without the support, pursuit and desire of secular desires, what is the meaning of that kind of life? If you can afford it, you can put it down. Pick it up, put it down, experience it, but can you put it down? Can you let go of your feelings? Maybe experience is necessary, but after experience, how many people can let go firmly? Is the only love in the so-called "Tao" just a generalized love for all things?
I only remember the words of the blade master: "Fuck it!"
L explanation 3
2500 years ago, Lao Tzu gave us a riddle. The riddle is "Tao, but Tao, extraordinary Tao."
Throughout the ages, there have been more than 10,000 interpreters, and only Mr. Bai Juyi said frankly: "I don't know what he knows, but I have heard Lao Jun say this; If the old gentleman is a knower, why did he write 5 thousand articles? " If you don't understand, you don't understand. You can't pretend to understand.
The family remembered the New Year film "A, B, C and D" directed by Xiaogang Feng. Party A asked for advice on how to keep it a secret, and Party B told them, "Remember, I will never tell you until I die." "Party A can't change his habits, so he tells everyone:" I have a secret, and Party B won't let me tell it. "The listener is curious:" What secret? "Party A replied," I won't say anything if I am killed. " "As a result, the listener is anxious.
"Tao, but Tao, is extraordinary." It became a fig leaf. Anyway, no one can tell. If you say I don't understand, you don't understand, because Lao Tzu has always said, "Tao, Tao, extraordinary Tao." What else can you let me say?
Meng Zhen finally solved the mystery of Laozi today: "The taste of pears (Tao) is not the original taste (Tao) if I spit it out." If we don't understand the mystery given by Meng Zhen, then your IQ is really wrong.
The road is simple and easy, so what Lao Tzu said is a truth that we talk about every day and everyone knows: if you want to know the taste of pears, you must taste them yourself.
L explanation 4
Tao is a kind of law, so we should understand it with our heart. For example, Yuan, Heng, Li and Zhen in Zhouyi, that is, Yuan, Wang, Li and Jian, can be described as a seed, which is the beginning of life, breaking out of its shell in a suitable environment, absorbing sunlight and water, growing up and bearing fruit. This process is what Laozi called Tao, and it goes on and on. In other words, everyone has different Tao, that is, everything is different, and what is reasonable is unified. You must be clear-headed, show your true colors, and have the Tao in it. That is, the Tao can be said to be simple and easy to implement. Only in this way can you taste the pears upstairs.
Explanation 5
Tao can be extraordinary, and name can be extraordinary. In other words, the Tao that can be understood by most people and expressed in words is not the real avenue.