A. no initials f for lips and teeth. In ancient times, some spoken words without initials were pronounced as p- and h- (or x-), that is, the so-called light lips return to heavy lips.
B. know the initials clearly. in ancient times, read t- more, that is, the tongue belongs to the tongue.
C. The ancient voiced initials are also separated from Cheng Qun's words into unvoiced sounds and unvoiced sounds, and a few of them are pronounced aspirated.
D. The oral pronunciation of the ancient box initials in Fujian dialect is k- or zero initials.
E. The initials of Guzhao film are mixed with those of Gu Jing film.
② Vowels: There are great differences in vowels in different areas of Min dialect, mainly as follows:
A. The vowels of Min dialect retain the nasal and stop sounds in the ancient sound to varying degrees. Among them, Minnan dialect is relatively complete, Mindong dialect and Puxian dialect are less preserved, and there are almost no stops in Minbei dialect and Minzhong dialect, only nasal vowels.
B. There are different pronunciations of Chinese and Bai in Min dialect to varying degrees, especially in Min dialect, and almost both Chinese and Bai pronunciations are systematic.
C. Many areas of Min dialect (especially Minnan dialect) have rich nasal rhymes.
D. There are no vowels in many areas of Min dialect. For example, Xiamen, Chaozhou and Taipei in Minnan dialect have no Y rhyme.
E. The phenomenon of double vowels exists in some areas of Min dialect, which is mainly manifested in three dialect areas: eastern Fujian, northern Fujian and central Fujian.
③ Tone: There are entering tones in all parts of Min dialect, and the number of tones is 6-8, with 7 being the most common. Chaozhou dialect in Minnan dialect has eight tones of flat, rising, qu and entering tone, which are divided into yin and yang; Jian 'ou dialect in northern Fujian and Yong 'an dialect in central Fujian have only six tones: northern Fujian is flat, but there is no distinction between yin and yang; In Fujian, it is flat, divided into yin and yang, regardless of yin and yang. In places with seven tones, Minnan dialect is spread all over Xiamen, Taipei, Hainan and southern Zhejiang, Puxian dialect is spread all over Putian and Xianyou, and Mindong dialect is spread all over Fuzhou and Fu 'an. There are also complex phonetic changes in Min dialect, in which the tone sandhi rules of Minnan dialect and Minzhong dialect are quite neat, and the phonetic changes of Mindong dialect and Puxian dialect involve the changes of initials and finals. Take the tone sandhi of Chaozhou dialect as an example. There are a large number of dialect words in Min dialect that are common in this dialect area but rare in other dialects. These dialect words have two characteristics: first, they inherit many ancient words, and second, they have many monosyllabic words. Such as eggs (eggs). Eyes (eyes), smearing (dirt), exposure (sun), beating (beating) and so on can be found in ancient books, and they are also monosyllabic words. In addition, some Fujian dialect words are borrowed from foreign languages. Most of these loanwords are borrowed from Indonesian-Malay, which has formed a unique color in Fujian dialect vocabulary. For example, in Xiamen dialect, Wen Xue (soap) comes from Sabang, Dao Lang (help) comes from Tuolong, Dongge (walking stick) comes from tongkat, and pouring (kissing) comes from Qiongmu. There are also some dialects whose origins are difficult to identify, such as Yang (Da).
In the five films of Min dialect, each film has many dialect words, but there are also many dialect words that only exist in some places. Generally speaking, among the five Fujian dialect films, the two coastal films in eastern Fujian and southern Fujian are similar in vocabulary, while the two films in northern Fujian and central Fujian are different from those in eastern Fujian and southern Fujian in many terms. (1) The use of noun additional components.
② The use of singular and plural personal pronouns.
(3) Omission of numerals and deixis. The numeral "one" or demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that" in front of quantifiers in Fujian dialect can often be omitted, and quantifiers are directly combined with nouns. For example, in Chaozhou dialect, Zhang Hua is absolutely elegant (this painting is very beautiful), and a chicken is as fat as death (this chicken is very fat). Related to this, demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that" cannot directly modify nouns. For example, people who speak Mandarin are very good, but people who can't speak Min dialect are very good. Similarly, this book can only be said to be a book, not a book.
④ Adjective-quantifier-noun structure is common in all parts of Fujian dialect, but there are not many adjectives that can be directly combined with quantifiers, and the most commonly used ones are big and small. For example, in Xiamen dialect, there are Daniel and light bulbs.
⑤ Special usage of verbs. There are many uses of verbs in Min language, one of which is put in front of verbs to indicate the perfect tense. For example, I received your approval of Fuzhou dialect (I received your letter), Xiamen dialect had food but I didn't (he did, but I didn't), Taipei dialect bought it (I bought it), and Chaozhou dialect had movies. Have you seen this movie?
6. Advanced objects are common. For example, it is common to say that apples buy two Jin (buy two Jin apples). In the subject-predicate-object sentence pattern of Putonghua, a preposition * * * (or a) is often added in Fujian dialect, and the object is placed in front of the verb, such as I * * * you speak (I'll tell you).
⑦ The verb "qu" is often used as a complement, indicating that the action has become a result, which is equivalent to the meaning of "already", such as flying (flying), dying (dead) and breaking a bowl (broken bowl).
⑧ Special way of comparison. Comparative sentences in Fujian dialect have a special structure. Fujian and Taiwan dialects are often represented by A-Jiao- adjective -B, for example, in Xiamen dialect, Yi is more important than me, while in Taipei dialect, Kaohsiung is bigger than Hsinchu. There are simpler expressions: A- adjective -B, such as Fuzhou dialect. The contrast of Fujian dialect (Chaozhou dialect and Hainan dialect) in Guangdong Province is slightly different: A- adjective-Guo -B is like Chaozhou dialect: cattle are bigger than pigs. Equations in Min dialect are often expressed by adjectives overlapping, such as I * * * Yi Pingxuan (I am as tall as him).
9. Expression of Ba sentence. The expression of Ba sentence in Min dialect is to bring the object in front and add a ba it after it, that is, the object-plus-verb, which is widely used in Min dialect.