Five Blessingg, a common folk term, refers to family relations, starting from oneself, from grandpa's grandfather to grandson's grandson. There are nine generations in each of the five dynasties, which are Five Blessingg.
But that's not what Dayu's five clothes mean.
Dayu, also known as Yu Xia, divided the world into Kyushu after successful water control, casting Jiuding, and was the founder of the legendary Xia Dynasty.
Since Dayu, China has entered the dynastic era, but there is no doubt that this is a multi-ethnic, big ethnic, small ethnic, or emirate, country or tribe dotted era. For the convenience of narration, it is called vassal state in general for the time being.
The so-called numerous countries are not adjectives. For example, entering the Zhou Dynasty, which is closer to our history, can be used as a reference. At that time, there were more than 1000 vassal States, and then the Spring and Autumn Five States and the Seven Heroes of the Warring States finally merged Qin into the world, which was the result of a merger and integration.
Different from the centralization after Qin Shihuang unified China, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties all had emperors who were equivalent to the central government, but in fact, the dynasties in this period were composed of many vassal states, large and small, and the emperors were the masters of the world, but it was beyond their power to collect poll tax from all countries in the world.
In other words, the king where the son of heaven is located is actually the same country as the vassal state, and only here is the complete sphere of influence of the son of heaven. Then, with its soft and hard strength, the vassal States were United around the kingdom. The so-called dynasty is a kingdom plus many vassal States, but within the vassal States, it is one country and one rule, not two systems, and each country has considerable or even complete autonomy.
Today's Imperial Capital is a political center, an economic center and a cultural center. In fact, almost all the centers are in this place.
Obviously, the center here is a virtual existence, and its essence is political structure and power operation mode. There are only two foundations to maintain this central position, one is the control force pointing to the periphery, and the other is the centripetal force pointing to the center.
It is not difficult to imagine that the influence from the center to the surrounding areas will show a gradual decline in geography. Just like a stone thrown into a pond, it will cause ripples to spread in circles, and the radius of water surface fluctuation will eventually have a limit.
For example, as the saying goes, the sky is high and the emperor is far away, and imperial power does not go to the countryside, which is an example of the decline of power. Even if the so-called "far" will be punished, the subtext is to admit that it is difficult to punish if it is far away.
Today's vertical management ability has already broken through the space barrier, but in the era of Dayu, when transportation and communication were completely primitive, the geographical distance was undoubtedly obvious.
Sitting on the throne and looking around, Yu, the capital of Wangji, is the center and surrounded by princes scattered all over the country, forming a circular structure from the inside out and from near to far.
This is Dayu's five clothes, which are divided into temple clothes, after clothes, Sui clothes, Fu Yao and Huangfu from the inside out.
Of course, in reality, the submission of the world cannot be generalized simply. All vassal States, big and small, are convinced, and of course some are convinced, so it is inevitable to compete with each other.
The most complete record of Dayu's five clothes can be found in Shangshu Gong Yu:
The 500-mile area around Wang Du is Dianfu. Obviously, this area is the only one that has to pay taxes. In the Dian Fu, the taxes paid from near to far are different, which are divided into five categories: total, pheasant, straw coat, millet, rice and so on. To put it simply, the nearest one should be given to Gu Mi for people to eat, the straw should be given to people to feed livestock, and the food crops should be given to people. Just give the food to people far away. This arrangement is probably due to traffic considerations.
Five hundred miles outside the Temple House is Hou House, where North Korea awarded awards to officials and governors.
500 miles away are uniforms, and 300 miles away are culture and education, which is management. Culture and education are responsible for culture and education. The rulers in this place should give full play to the strategic role of the cultural United front, and the object of cultural education is naturally barbarians other than the surrendered.
Accurately speaking, barbarians here are neutral words, which are mainly different in production mode, living habits, customs and concepts, cultural background and so on. Race may be different, but that's not the point.
The purpose of culture and education is to show literary virtue to attract and assimilate, which is equivalent to the current Confucius Institute and Hollywood, and to engage in cultural export, that is, Confucius said, "If people are far away, they should cultivate literary virtue."
The 200-mile Fenwuwei, which is a little far from Suifu, is to rectify military equipment and fortify the barbarians on the periphery, either passively defending or actively attacking. For those who are unsuccessful in culture and education, they will naturally be convinced. If they can't beat them, they may turn the barbarians upside down and become orthodox.
Generally speaking, it has always been the actual border of the central dynasty, which is equivalent to the border of modern countries. Wuwei is divided to show muscles, build aircraft carriers and engage in nuclear deterrence.
Surrender to the outside world is to wear waste clothes, which is the so-called barbarian land. It is not only a United ally, but also an unavoidable opponent. It can be understood as foreign territory, which is thrown here to crack down on criminals and eliminate dissidents. Compared with the so-called exile in later generations, this form of exile seems to have a stronger sense of expulsion.
There has been a lot of discussion about the record of five clothes. Is it true history or is it invented by later generations? Is it a realistic and feasible political plan or an idealized political blueprint? Is it possible to have such a regular square pattern? For example, Mr. Gu Jiegang thinks that Yu Xia's five clothes don't exist.
Whether it's true or not, whether it's feasible or not, air-to-air discussion is hard to have a convincing result.
We should note that written records are actually very clear, both qualitative and quantitative. Shouldn't we look up the map according to the map?
Five clothes are from the inside out, and 500 miles is a layer. This is one of them.
The second thing is that it gradually flows into the sea in the east and is buried by quicksand in the west.
Five hundred Li is an unambiguous number, but wait a minute. Is the ancient Li the same as the present Li?
Of course not.
Therefore, we must first find the scale, because the thing of weights and measures has been changing since ancient times. Even after Qin Shihuang unified measurement, it has been changing.
It is well documented that eight feet is a step, six feet is a step, three hundred steps is a mile, and three hundred and sixty steps is a mile.
For example, the Book of Rites Wang Zhi by Dai Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty:
Qin Shihuang's historical records:
There are eight feet, six feet and six feet. Different generations have different opinions, and? This provision is often an extension of political power.
Take the Qin Dynasty as an example. The ideology at that time was based on the theory of five elements, and the replacement of Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin was the result of the cycle of fate. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and replaced the fate of the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou is fire, Qin is water, and water replaces fire, so Qin's water virtue replaces Zhou's fire virtue.
In the five elements, water represents black and the numbers are one and six. So Qin is still black. Counting six years, officials' clothes are black, and the military flag of the army is also black. The seal of the military symbol is six inches wide, the carriage is six feet wide, and there are six horses pulling the cart. Even the beginning of the year was changed to October, because October is the sea and the sea is the water.
This is how the six-foot step came out, which is purely the result of political orientation.
Let's look at Li. Gu Liangchi in the Warring States Period: Biography of Gu Liangchuan in the 15th year of Gong Xuan in the Spring and Autumn Period;
The ancient times mentioned here are not sure when they will arrive, but they are called "minefields", which are obviously the products of the well-field system and are used to measure fields.
And more importantly, linking the contexts, we will find that a mine with 300 steps is equal to 900 mu, that is to say, a mine with 300 steps is not only a well-known unit of length, but also an area unit, which means that the length, width and length are all 300 steps.
It is hard to say whether the so-called well-field system can be traced back to Yu Xia, and even whether it was really implemented in the Zhou Dynasty is controversial. However, this unit in "Li", whether in length or area, is at least a good match for the land area division of Dayu Wufu.
However, this does not mean that a mile must be 300 steps. For example, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was changed to 360 steps. Similarly, dating back to the Dayu era, there may be different regulations.
How long is a foot?
This is also a question with no standard answer.
For example, there are several rulers in Shang dynasty, and the unearthed bone rulers and tooth rulers in Shang dynasty are evidence.
Tooth ruler of Shang Dynasty in China History Museum, length 15.78 cm, divided into ten inches, with a dime per inch.
Shang Dynasty tooth ruler in Shanghai Museum, length 15.8 cm, divided into ten inches, with a dime per inch.
The bone ruler of Shang Dynasty in the Palace Museum in Taiwan is 16.95 cm long and divided into ten inches.
The difference between the two dental rulers is only 0.2 mm, or it can be regarded as one kind, so there are two kinds of rulers in Shang Dynasty, the big ruler is 16.95 cm, and the small ruler is about 15.8 cm.
Interestingly, based on the commercial scale of 16.95cm, ten feet and one foot is almost 1.7m, which is similar to the average height of men in China (the average height of adult men in China is 20 167. 1cm). The so-called man is a gentleman, a real man is a gentleman.
If you use rulers after the Shang Dynasty, it will be difficult to find a husband.
For example, the Zhou ruler and the Qin ruler are 23. 1 cm (the bronze ruler of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is 23.09 cm long and divided into ten inches, is stored in the Cultural Relics Room of the History Department of Nanjing University). In this era, it's really one in a million. To find a worthy husband, only Yao Ming is barely qualified-in fact, a seven-foot man is also a hero. Why do you have to be a gentleman? That's how the seven-foot man came (according to one foot)
It should be noted that the weekly ruler is not only 23. 1 cm. For example, the National Zhao Map of Zhongshan unearthed in Pingshan County, Hebei Province is a copper map, including the location, area and architectural distribution of tombs. The units of measurement used in this map are steps and rulers, and the scale is about 1 to 500. After calculation, one foot is 22 cm and five feet is a step.
Note that there is also a five-foot step.
In fact, the simplest example is unified measurement. Qin Shihuang wanted to be unified, which means that countries were different before.
After that, the scale became larger and larger, such as one foot 30 cm in the Tang Dynasty and one foot 35.55 cm in the Qing Dynasty. Don't say husband, even a seven-foot man can't do it.
How long is a foot? It turns out that generations are different.
How many steps are there in a mile? I'm too confident.
However, the weights and measures of different dynasties are different, but they are closely related to real life after all. For example, the unit of step is obviously related to the stride length of people walking. If its size seriously deviates from life experience, it will definitely not be accepted. Therefore, there are lengths of feet and steps, but the length of a step will not be much different.
If the business scale is 16.95cm and eight steps are taken as one step, then one step is1.356m; The foot of the piano is 23. 1 cm, and if the step is six feet, the step is1.386 m. Tang's feet are thirty centimeters, and five feet is a step, so a step is 1.5 meters. There is a difference, but the difference is not outrageous, 1.4- 1.5 meters, which is in line with the actual pace of people.
It can be seen that step is an intuitive and relatively stable unit of measurement, which can also be confirmed from the ancient records of "Wei Du". For example, "Historical Records Xia Benji" records that Dayu "is a degree, is called out."
You may think that the step of 1.5m is too big. In fact, the ancient step is the present two steps, that is, the left foot step and the right foot step. The present step was called the step in ancient times. If you don't accumulate steps, you will be thousands of miles. The step and the step here are two ancient units of measurement, which are equivalent to the present.
In addition to the long and short rulers of the previous generations, there is also a relatively stable ruler in the field of astronomical observation.
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Qian Lezhi cast an armillary sphere (424 -453 AD) with a foot of 24.5 cm.
After the reunification of the whole country, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty returned to unified measurement, using the northern ruler (30 cm) in daily life, and the southern ruler continued to be used for astronomical observation to maintain stability.
Since then, in astronomical observation, such as the measurement of meridian by monks and their entourage in the Tang Dynasty, the standard ruler of Tianshi in the Song Dynasty and the stargazing platform made by Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty, Qian Lezhi's 24.5 cm ruler has been used all the time.
1975, in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368-1644), the scale of the celestial ruler used to measure the sun shadow at that time was found, and its length was determined to be 24.525 cm, which was consistent with the scale of the armillary sphere cast by Qian Lezhi in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
That is to say, from the Southern Song Dynasty to 1000 years, the ruler value of the celestial ruler remained unchanged, thus ensuring the continuity and stability of astronomical survey.
In fact, the 24.5 cm used in astronomy is one foot, which is probably ancient.
An ancient observatory was discovered at Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi, and a lacquer pole was unearthed to observe the sun shadow. The research result of Mr. He Yi from the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences is that at that time, one foot was equal to 25 cm, and five feet was equal to one step, and it was speculated that 200 steps were integrated ("A glimpse of the cultural length unit of Taosi from IIFJT 1 related dimensions" and "The shadow of the sun is one inch away"
The age of Taosi Ancient Observatory is around 2050 BC, which happens to be the legendary Dayu era or the same period.
For example, the Xia-Shang-Zhou Dating Project judges that the Xia Dynasty began in 2070 BC, and Bai Yang's Chronology of Chinese History holds that Yu established the Xia Dynasty in 2205 BC.
Compared with the 24.5 cm one foot used for astronomical observation in Taosi site after the Southern Song Dynasty 1000 years ago, it is too close, probably not a simple coincidence.
Since ancient times, astronomical observation and calendar making have been controlled by kingship, and at the same time they are very professional. It is very likely that relevant knowledge will be passed down from generation to generation in the professional field.
Therefore, if I have to choose between 24.5cm and 25cm, I prefer 24.5cm, which has been practiced in astronomy for many dynasties.
One foot 24.5 centimeters. How many feet is a step?
The five-foot step is1.225m; Six feet in one step equals 1.47 meters.
As mentioned earlier, the scales of Shang, Qin and Tang are different, but the length of each step is 1.4- 1.5 meters.
Comparing the two,1.47m is within the normal range, and1.225m is too small, but if it is a long-distance trip, maybe a smaller one is more suitable.
Let's convert it.
1 Li =200 steps, 1 step =5 feet, 1 foot =24.5 cm, then, one Li =200X5X24.5 cm =245 meters, and 500 Li is 122.5 km.
If 1 step =6 feet, then one mile = 200x6x24.5cm = 294m, and 500 miles is 147km.
Substitute Dayu Wufu and Zhongfu 500 Li, that is, the side length is 122.5 km or 147 km.
From the center to the border is Wufu, which is 500 miles, which is 6 12.5 km or 735km；; The side length of the whole Five Blessingg is ten 500 Li, namely 1225 km or 1470 km.
This is the world ruled by Dayu recorded in Shangshu.
The Xia dynasty can only be regarded as a legend at present. Of course, the location of the capital is not clear. It is said that in Shaanxi and Henan, the site of Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Henan is considered very likely.
Let's look at the map.
From Wang Chenggang to the seaside, the distance measurement on the map shows about 633 kilometers (inaccurate value).
According to the above calculation, the distance from the center of Five Blessingg to the border is 6 12.5km or 735km Among them, the error between 6 12.5km and 633km shown on the map is only over 20km, which would be surprising if it is not a coincidence.
More than 600 kilometers to the west from the site of Wang Chenggang, this is the Loess Plateau. As the largest loess area on the earth, the soil layer is thick, the vegetation is few, there is no wind and three feet of soil, and there is mud and sand in the river. Soil erosion is very serious. Although it is not a desert, it seems reasonable to use quicksand to describe it.
In addition, after all, it was more than 4,000 years ago, when the sea level might be lower than the current 1-2 meters.
The sea level is lower than it is now, which means that the eastern coastline will retreat eastward (I don't know how much), so the distance from Wang Chenggang ruins to the seaside should be a little more than 20 kilometers.
If it is assumed that the records of Dayu's Wufu are true and accurate, then Dayu's capital is on the latitude line where Wang Chenggang site is located, and then Wang Chenggang site is more than 20 kilometers west of Wufu center, but it is still in the innermost layer of Wufu. Taosi Site in Xiangfen, Shanxi Province is located in the northwest corner of the center of Five Blessingg, from the inside out to the second floor of Five Blessingg.
In fact, it is only about 20 kilometers, which is completely within the reasonable error range.
It should be noted that although this does not prove that the Wang Chenggang site is the so-called Du Yu, it is undoubtedly desirable to verify it on the premise of trusting the records of ancient books.
Along this line of thought, we can make more attempts. Perhaps, we will encounter some historical truths that are closer to the truth. ...