At the end of 1980s, 75 Nobel Prize winners gathered in Paris, France, and jointly declared: "If human beings want to survive in 2 1 century, they must go back to 2,500 years ago and learn the wisdom of Confucius.
With the advent of economic globalization, an era of cultural globalization is coming, and China traditional culture will play a decisive role in the process of cultural globalization. As the core representative of China's traditional culture and an important carrier of Confucius' thoughts and theories, The Analects of Confucius must be integrated into the knowledge economy.
Mr. nan huaijin said: The value of Confucius' theory and The Analects of Confucius will always have indestructible and immortal value at any time and in any region as long as the original intention is not misinterpreted. Those rising stars, such as those who study hard, think carefully, distinguish between right and wrong, and apply what they have learned, will certainly be proved by themselves.
The Analects of Confucius records the death of Zeng Shen, a student of Confucius in his later years, and contains important information about Confucius' life, thoughts and theories, especially educational thoughts and teaching activities. It is a very important cultural heritage in China, and it can be said that it is the earliest educational book in the history of China.
The Analects of Confucius is a classic work of Confucianism and a book that records the speeches of Confucius and his disciples. The Analects of Confucius, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius are called "Four Books", which are required reading for scholars in feudal society. The Analects of Confucius consists of 20 articles and 492 chapters, covering a wide range of contents, including philosophy, politics, education, literature, art and even the way of life. The text is short and pithy, concise and profound. Many sentences are followed by aphorisms, which are the earliest existing ancient books in China. It is an important basis for the study of Confucius' thought, which has a far-reaching influence on the history of China's thought, culture and education, and occupies an important position in the history of literature.
On the Great Influence of the Language of The Analects of Confucius and National Identity (transferred from the Law School of Central South University of Technology)
As the most important classic of Confucianism, The Analects of Confucius has influenced China society, neighboring countries and regions and Chinese people all over the world for more than two thousand years. This influence is first manifested in thought and scholarship, but the influence of thought and scholarship is realized through language expression. The language of The Analects is as profound as its thoughts and knowledge, and its influence is as extensive and profound as its thoughts and knowledge.
1. The Analects of Confucius has a great and far-reaching influence on the Chinese nation.
First, the language influence of The Analects, like its ideological influence, covers all aspects of the Chinese nation, including politics, economy, ideology, culture, education and so on. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism represented by Confucius was still on an equal footing with other schools. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's idea of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", Confucianism has become a national study, ranking above other schools. This situation remained until the late Qing Dynasty. After the Republic of China, this situation still exists in the vast rural areas of our country. In the late 1940s, although new courses were offered, there was still Confucius in the lecture hall. The first thing students did when they arrived at school was to bow to Confucius. Confucianism has become a national study, which means that it has become the dominant consciousness of the ruling class, affecting the development of national politics, ideology, morality, culture and education. As the core work of Confucianism, The Analects of Confucius is self-evident. The Analects does not talk about economy, but ideology can promote or restrict economy under certain conditions. The code of conduct expressed in the Analects of Confucius still has an impact on the subsequent rural economic development.
Second, many sentences in The Analects have become idioms. For example, don't be confused (for politics), harmony is precious (for learning), let bygones be bygones (for eight Shu), pass the parcel (for advanced), how to kill the chicken (for Yang Huo) and "let bygones be bygones". In addition, some idioms are condensed or transformed from the words in The Analects. For example, the section "Stay at a respectful distance" (Yongye) is simply called "Stay at a respectful distance" (Yongye), the section "Stay away from ghosts and gods" is simply called "Stay away from them", and the section "Words can break the prison" (Yan Yuan) is simply called "Words can break the prison" and "Seeing righteousness is not brave". Those that have not become idioms are also quoted or used as classic languages. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous warlord Zhang Zeng wrote a couplet: "This warlord is called the Millennium Disaster. Qi Bo's favor is nothing more than respect. Ice and charcoal respect, filial piety is used in respect, disrespect is different from dogs and horses. My governor is still in charge of 20 abnormal counties. The last emblem: great and far away. Anyone who takes Yao can be Yao, but Yao can protect my children and grandchildren. " In this couplet, two languages are quoted from or translated from The Analects of Confucius. "For politics" article: "Confucius said:' Today's filial piety can be raised. As for dogs and horses, you can keep them. It's disrespectful. Why not? "The first chapter" Filial piety is used in respect, disrespect is different from dogs and horses "."Taber "chapter:" Dayao is king! " The word "Da Zai Yao" in the second couplet is derived from this paragraph. 19 17, warlords Zhang Zizhi and Zhang Lingbing went south to disturb Hunan, arousing public indignation. Some people made a joint mockery with his name as the title: "This son of a layman is said to be aiming at mountains and rivers; The barking Yao is a bad dog. He never respects the country and the people. " Although these couplets themselves are not from The Analects of Confucius, the comments used by Tang Ye to point out his surname directly quoted the words from The Analects of Confucius. In The Analects of Confucius, the author randomly selected three articles and made statistics on idioms in their sentences. Political articles are 20/ 98, narrative articles are 25/11,and Yan Yuan's articles are 24/ 1 18 respectively. Among them, the idioms "for politics" and "for narration" are all from Confucius' words, and a small part of "words" are from Confucius students' words. The proportion of idioms is so high that it is not only unprecedented in the history of the Chinese nation, but also unprecedented.
Thirdly, The Analects of Confucius has a great influence on the languages of ethnic minorities in China. At the beginning of July this year, when I was in Jianchuan, Yunnan, I heard some idioms in The Analects used in the spoken language of Bai people. Mr. Zhang Wenbo wrote me a few words and read the following two examples:
Let Tailzil Cux Danx Senpbuf Sanblap. (white)
When I first came on stage, I was worried that I would be stripped naked. (literal translation)
I will do it myself. (free translation)
Nanlgvp Al Dabatnox Buyif Lufhux。 (white)
Nagu happily peeled the cage. (literal translation)
You're doing great here. (free translation)
"Doing one's duty faithfully" comes from "Wei Linggong" in The Analects of Confucius. "I am unhappy" comes from The Analects of Confucius.
Fourthly, among overseas Chinese, no matter what nationality they belonged to when they were in China, and no matter what language they learned in the area where they lived, Chinese as their mother tongue was passed down from generation to generation. Because their enlightenment education always contains the contents of the four books and five classics, the influence of The Analects of Confucius on their language naturally continued. The language of The Analects of Confucius has had a great influence on Chinese for more than two thousand years. Although the languages of other ancient books have influenced the language of the Chinese nation to varying degrees, none of them can compare with The Analects in depth and breadth.
2. The Analects of Confucius has great stability and irreversibility to the language of the Chinese nation. Grammatical structure is the slowest, followed by pronunciation and vocabulary is the fastest.
As far as Chinese is concerned, many words popular in feudal society were eliminated one after another in the Republic of China, and many words expressing new things in the Republic of China appeared at the same time. Similarly, after liberation, many buzzwords in the Republic of China were eliminated, and many new words expressing socialist revolution and construction appeared. This is true after one social system is transformed into another, and it is also true at different stages under the same social system. With the smashing of the Gang of Four and the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, many words that reflected the specific historical conditions at that time in the Cultural Revolution quickly became a thing of the past. The words in The Analects of Confucius are different. Although some of them are basically not used with the changes of history, they have become the basic vocabulary of Chinese, especially the part of idioms. This makes it relatively stable in historical changes and its influence on Chinese is irreversible. There are two main reasons for this. The internal reason is that the language of The Analects itself has great charm and is easily accepted by all social strata. This charm has at least four characteristics, namely, the profundity of thought, the simplicity of language, the logic of reasoning and the popularity of expression. The profundity of thought is not only manifested in Confucius' exposition of political ideals.
, but also in many other ways. For example, when Confucius answered Xia Zi's question about politics, he said, "Haste makes waste. Haste makes waste, but seeing small profits can't be a big deal. " (Luz) is very incisive, which is not only the motto of dealing with political affairs, but also a kind of moral cultivation. Confucius said, "If a man has no long-term worries, he must have near worries." ("Wei Linggong") not only conforms to reality, but also hits the nail on the head. The lesson Confucius learned when he was helpless about "killing by day and staying at night": "I started from others, I listened to me and believed in me; Today, I am also a person, listening to his words and watching his actions. " (Gongye Chang) "Listen to what he says and observe what he does" is still the principle of interpersonal communication. Confucius said, "A gentleman can't have enough to eat and live in peace. If he is sensitive and cautious, he can be said to be eager to learn. " ("Learning"), each sentence tells a characteristic, which is both complete and practical, and it is also a good encouragement for people's learning.
Conciseness of language means expressing profound thoughts and rich contents with fewer words. The previous example can be seen. Here are a few more examples. Confucius said, "The three armed forces can win the position of commander in chief, but ordinary men can't win the ambition." ("Zi Han") It only takes thirteen words to show the firmness of one's ambition. Confucius said, "A gentleman is righteous, but a villain is profitable." It only takes ten words to distinguish a gentleman from a villain. However, just four words "too much" ("advanced") reveal the essence of dialectics. Deep in thought and rich in content, not necessarily concise in language; Refined language is not necessarily profound and rich in content. The Analects of Confucius can be profound in thought, rich in content and concise in language, which is really commendable. The logic of reasoning. Because it is a short quotation, most of the words in The Analects are conclusive, and there is no complete reasoning process, but people think it is very reasonable (only a few are controversial because of different opinions). An important reason is that they think it is logical. Confucius said, "If there is no harm to benevolence, you will die." (Wei Linggong) Who can say no to those who want to be "people with lofty ideals"? Confucius said, "I don't suffer from ignorance, I don't suffer from ignorance." (Xianwen) If you have a great goal in life, who can say it's not! There are also seemingly reasonable passages in The Analects of Confucius. Confucius said, "If the name is not correct and the words are not correct, nothing can be done. If you don't do something, you won't be happy. Rites and music are not prosperous, the criminal law is not correct, and the people are innocent. " Therefore, the name of a gentleman must be spoken, and words must be feasible. A gentleman's words are nothing but nothing. "("Lutz ") this passage uses the thimble technique in rhetoric, which makes the reasoning link by link and the logic is very strict.
The popularity of expression. It is also a classic, and Laozi's language is as mysterious as its content. The language of some chapters in Mozi is even more obscure. The Analects of Confucius was written in vernacular Chinese at that time. Even after more than two thousand years, it is still not difficult to understand today. Because of the popularity of expression, sometimes it is very intimate to read. Compared with some chapters of Laozi, especially Mozi, this is a great advantage.
There are four external reasons. First, the Confucian propaganda of Confucius' thought made the language of The Analects of Confucius further understood with its thought. Second, "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" has made the language of The Analects more popular. Thirdly, after the Han Dynasty, Confucius was constantly sealed by the ruling class, from an ordinary scholar to a "king of propaganda and a saint of great achievements", and his position reached a prominent height known as the uncrowned "King of Su", making the language of The Analects more popular. Fourthly, the four books, as the main contents of the imperial examination (classics), make the language influence of The Analects of Confucius go deep into the bottom of society.
Third, the national identity of the language in The Analects should be said that the Chinese national identity is first of all Chinese, not just the language in The Analects.
Because even if the language of The Analects is 100% idioms, it is only a tiny part of the whole Chinese. However, due to the huge and special influence of The Analects of Confucius in the long history of the Chinese nation for more than 2,000 years, people who can speak Chinese are consciously or unconsciously influenced by it. Language is established by convention. This convention and practice are two-way. First, from the bottom up, that is, from the people and then recognized by the people and then recognized by the intellectual class. First, from top to bottom, that is, intellectuals will write articles together with their own creations, return to society, and then gain social recognition. The Analects of Confucius is like this. The same is true of the later intellectuals' propaganda and popularization of the language of The Analects. Compared with the former, the latter's identity has a wider and deeper influence. This is the contribution of language masters to national languages. Confucius is such a far-reaching language master.
The language of The Analects of Confucius is, first of all, the admiration and admiration for intellectuals who have a certain knowledge of Chinese studies. This admiration and admiration is a kind of advanced psychological identity. Through their recognition, it is gradually popularized, and then it is recognized by the society and the nation. Of course, this promotion is subtle.
There is an old saying: "the nearest is the hometown." How do you know you are from your hometown? Language is the most fundamental symbol. Many people may have this experience. When working or traveling in other places, they occasionally meet people who speak native dialect. Even if I don't know them at all, I feel kind and even can't help talking to them. This is to connect people in the same place through language recognition. During the Puppet Manchukuo period, the Japanese forced Japanese to speak Chinese in the northeast of China, which ended in failure, showing the strong national cohesion generated by the Chinese nation's recognition of Chinese. In the early 1980s, Confucius was rated as one of the top ten thinkers in the world, and all China people were proud of it. This is not only the affirmation of Confucius in China society, but also the affirmation of Confucius in the world. This affirmation will not only expand the influence of the Chinese nation in the world, but also expand the influence of the language of The Analects in China society. "Zuo Zhao Zhuan Gong Fifteen Years" [3] said that the doctor in charge of the State of Jin talked to the envoys of the Zhou Dynasty, and King Jing of Zhou asked why there was no tribute in the State of Jin, and replied that it was because the State of Jin had never received a reward from the Zhou royal family. On the spot, King Jing of Zhou listed the facts awarded by the State of Jin, blaming him for not knowing these basic facts and being speechless. King Jing of Zhou sighed and said, "You learn from your father and forget your ancestors!" " Later, "forgetting one's ancestors after counting the classics" refers to people who have forgotten all their ancestors or know nothing about the national history of the country.
Confucianism, represented by Confucius, advocates unity, and the origin of this proposition is Confucius' thought of "the monarch and his son" and "if people are far away from the monarch, they should cultivate their morality" (seal). Due to the profound influence passed down from generation to generation, the Chinese nation has always had a strong concept of safeguarding national unity. In addition, in the nearly hundred years after the Opium War, China's territory was carved up and occupied by foreign powers again and again, and the people of China were humiliated. They also fought and sacrificed to change this situation. Therefore, they always hold a contemptuous attitude towards those who humiliate their country, especially those who forget their ancestors and ancestors and try to split the country by relying on the intervention of foreign forces. People in China believe in different doctrines. In my opinion, seeking common ground while reserving differences, under the premise of maintaining China's reunification, as long as we can unite to form an economic circle, support each other and maintain friendly exchanges with other ethnic groups, not only can the Chinese nation become more prosperous, but also the world become more stable and prosperous.