1, the establishment of the Sui Dynasty
The last dynasty of the Northern Dynasties was the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty seized the Northern Zhou regime and established the Sui Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was named Huang Kai.
Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty-Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty
The story of rouge well
Rouge well was built in the Southern Dynasties and Chen. Chen was the last emperor of the Six Dynasties. He was a pleasure-seeking emperor who didn't care about state affairs. Although he is in the office, there are often reports that the enemy in front is nervous, Chen is still addicted to drinking and having fun. In 588 AD, Yang Guang led 565,438+0,000 Sui soldiers to attack Jiankang in eight routes, and finally captured Jiankang (Nanjing). When Chen Houzhu heard the sound of ShaSheng outside, he realized that something had happened and panicked. He hurried to Jingyang downstairs with his beloved concubines Zhang Lihua and Kong Guifei, trying to find a place to hide. At this time, he found a dry well in front of him, and he quickly took two concubines and hid in the dry well.
Sui Jun finally asked the eunuch to know that Chen Houzhu was hiding in the well. Sui Bing shouted for the people inside to come out, but no one in the well promised. Sui Bing shouted again: "If you don't come out, throw stones in." There was a cry of pain inside, and Sui Bing pulled the three men up from the well with a rope. Two concubines were killed on the spot and Chen Houzhu was captured.
According to legend, the makeup powder of the two concubines was rich at that time. In the process of entering and leaving the dry well, these powders all fell on the mine field, leaving traces that could not be erased for thousands of years. Later generations therefore called this well rouge well, also known as humiliation well.
2. Unification of Sui Dynasty
① Background: South Chen Houzhu does not ask politics, but indulges in pleasure.
② What happened: In 589, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified the whole country.
Significance: The unification of the Sui Dynasty ended the long-term division and conformed to the historical development trend of a unified multi-ethnic country.
3. Prosperity in the Early Sui Dynasty
(1) Measure value:
(1) Economy: compiling household registration and unifying the monetary system and weights and measures system in the north and south;
② Politics: Strengthen centralization and improve administrative efficiency.
(2) Function:
It promoted the rapid recovery and development of social economy, greatly increased the population and cultivated land area, and made the Sui Dynasty a dynasty with vast territory and strong national strength.
(2) There has been a prosperous time of "ruling the emperor".
In 4.589, the Sui Dynasty wiped out Nanchen and ended the separatist regime. After Qin and Han Dynasties, China was reunited. Why did Sui accomplish the great cause of reunification?
(1) Objectively:
(1) Great ethnic integration in the north and economic development in the south;
(2) Long-term separatist regime, the people long for reunification;
③ Southern Chen regime ruled corruption;
(2) Subjectively:
(4) After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, it was governed vigorously, politically stable, economically prosperous and militarily powerful;
⑤ Sui and Chen were well prepared and their strategies and tactics were used properly.
5. Looking back on what I learned last semester, which dynasties ended the division and achieved reunification? Which dynasties had their capitals in Chang 'an?
(1) Qin Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty and Sui Dynasty;
(2) Western Han Dynasty and Pre-Qin Dynasty
Knowledge point 2: Opening the Grand Canal
1, use:
(1) political purpose: to strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
(2) Other purposes:
Economic purpose: to exploit the wealth of Jiangnan;
Military purpose: to facilitate the transfer of military materials attacking North Korea;
Personal purpose: lust after the beautiful scenery of Jiangdu.
2. Excavation time: 605 AD, during the reign of Yang Di.
3. Overview of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty
Schematic diagram of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty
The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, with Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south. The Grand Canal is an artery that runs through the north and south. From north to south, it is divided into four sections, namely Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River. It connects Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
4. Assessment:
Canal scenery
Status: The longest canal in the ancient world.
Bianhe nostalgia
Southern Dynasties Pi Rixiu
It is said that the Sui Dynasty perished because of this river, but now it is still flowing, and the north and south ships are unimpeded.
If there is no water temple dragon boat, there are not many theories about * * *.
(2) Function:
(1) Strengthen political, economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South.
(2) However, digging the Grand Canal consumed a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, which intensified class contradictions and accelerated the demise of the Sui Dynasty.
5. Why did Yang Di open the Grand Canal running through the north and south?
(1) Yang Di makes use of its existing economic strength.
(2) Based on the existing natural rivers and ancient canals.
(3) National reunification made it possible for Emperor Yang Di to recruit millions of people.
Knowledge point 3: Create the system of taking scholars in imperial examinations.
1. Background: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the selection of officials was monopolized by the upper authorities. The selection of officials values family status rather than talent, and children of aristocratic families can enter the official career through family status.
Jiupin Zheng Zhi system was an official selection system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. First of all, the central government selects "intelligent and knowledgeable" officials to form Zhong Zheng officials, and then selects talents in the county where Zhong Zheng officials are located according to their family background, morality and talents. At the beginning of the establishment of Jiupin Zheng Zhi system, it did play a role in selecting talents, and its selection criteria were to pay equal attention to family background and ability. However, with the passage of time, the selection criteria began to change, focusing only on family background. Over time, the selection right of officials was monopolized by aristocratic families, forming a situation of "no poverty for the top grade and no gentry for the bottom grade".
2. Formation process
(1) After Emperor Wen ascended the throne, he abolished the previous system of selecting officials, paid attention to examining the knowledge of talents, and initially established a system of selecting talents through examinations.
(2) During Yang Di's reign in Yang Di, the establishment of Jinshi Branch marked the formal establishment of the imperial examination system.
3. Function
The establishment of the imperial examination system is a great change in the system of selecting officials in ancient China, which strengthened the power of the emperor to select officials and employ people, expanded the scope of selecting officials, enabled talented people to participate in and discuss state affairs, and promoted the development of education. Since then, the imperial examination system has become the main system for selecting officials in past dynasties, and it has been maintained for 1300 years.
Knowledge point 4: The demise of the Sui Dynasty
1, reason:
① The root cause: Yang Di's brutal rule. Emperor Yang Di was overjoyed and showed no sympathy or connivance. During his reign, he built a series of major projects and launched wars many times, which made people miserable and intensified social contradictions.
② Direct cause: Yang Di's brutal rule triggered a large-scale peasant uprising. The uprising first broke out in Shandong province, the worst-hit province, and then spread to the whole country. Under the attack of the rebel army, the rule of the Sui Dynasty faced disintegration.
2. The Sui Dynasty perished: In 6 18, Emperor Yang Di was killed by his subordinates in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
3. Similarities between Sui Dynasty and Qin Dynasty:
(1) End the separatist situation and realize reunification.
(2) Created an important system with far-reaching influence.
(3) Construction of large-scale important projects.
(4) All died of tyranny and were short-lived dynasties.
Extension extension
1. Correctly understand the excavation of the Grand Canal.
The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was the main artery of north-south traffic in ancient China. However, due to the guarantee of Emperor Yang Di, the Sui Dynasty perished, so later generations have different opinions on this huge project. We should analyze it from the following three aspects:
① Subjectively, Yang Di's motives for digging the Grand Canal are: firstly, to strengthen the north-south traffic, effectively consolidate the political and economic control over the southern region, and then facilitate the transportation of Jiangnan property to Luoyang and Chang 'an.
From the historical background, the excavation of the Grand Canal is the result of the economic development in the south. Since the Three Kingdoms, the South has been developing continuously, and the level of economic development has gradually caught up with the North. After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, the political center was still in the north, and most of the food was supplied by Jiangnan. Land transportation is too small and slow to meet the demand. It is the need of the times to open the North-South Canal and use water transportation.
Judging from the historical influence, digging the Grand Canal will inevitably bring a heavy burden of corvee, so people attribute it to one of Yang Di's tyrannical acts. However, after the grand canal was opened, it became the main artery of north-south traffic and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south.
2. Why did Emperor Wen of Sui abolish the old system of selecting officials?
In order to consolidate one's own rule, strengthen centralization, and select people with real talents and practical knowledge to be officials, we can effectively rule. The real power of the old official selection system was in the hands of the upper-level dignitaries. According to the family background, some people came to power without real talent and learning, which was not conducive to the rule of the Sui Dynasty.
3. The progress and limitations of the imperial examination system.
Progressive: the criterion for selecting officials is talent, which is highly fair and open; The power of selecting officials is centralized in the central government, which expands the ruling foundation of the landlord class and is conducive to promoting social development; Breaking the hereditary system and the restrictions on the entry of people with low status into official career is conducive to their entry into politics and easing class contradictions; Conducive to the development of education and the prosperity of culture.
(2) Limitations: A large number of intellectuals are obsessed with fame, and once the scientific examination is successful, they gradually become vassals of feudal rulers; Reading, taking exams and being an official are closely linked, and the philosophy of life that "everything is inferior, only reading is high" dominates school education and seriously affects the thinking of intellectuals.
4. Similarities and differences between Qin and Sui.
Similarities:
(1) is a unified dynasty after a long period of division; They all carried out some groundbreaking political reforms, such as the county system established by the Qin Dynasty and the imperial examination system initiated by the Sui Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
(2) There are world-famous large-scale projects, such as the Great Wall of Wan Li in Qin Dynasty and the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty;
(3) Due to large-scale construction and tyranny, large-scale peasant uprisings took place, such as Chen Guang uprising and Shandong peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty;
(4) are short-lived dynasty, ii died.
Difference:
① Different stages and functions: Qin unification was in the initial development period of feudal society, which strengthened and consolidated the feudal system; When the Sui Dynasty was unified, China was in the prosperous period of feudal society, which laid the foundation for the emergence of the prosperous situation of feudal society.
(2) The founding emperors had different priorities in governing the country: Qin Shihuang paid attention to the construction of political system and consolidated political power; Emperor Wendi of Sui paid attention to restoring and promoting economic development;
③ Different policies were adopted for intellectuals: Qin "burned books to bury Confucianism"; The Sui Dynasty implemented the imperial examination system to attract talents.
Textbook problem solving
1, Thinking: Think about it, what are the major differences between the imperial examination system and the previous official selection system?
The election of officials in the previous dynasty was monopolized by the upper-level dignitaries, paying attention to family status and not paying much attention to talent; The criterion for selecting officials in imperial examinations is talents, which is highly fair and open.
2. Material research: According to the biography of Li Mi in the Old Tang Dynasty, the social situation at the end of Sui Dynasty was: "Parents didn't care for their children, and the husband and wife abandoned their children in the bed. There are thousands of empty walls, and there are fireworks thousands of miles away. " Why is there such a social situation?
Material Subject: Parents are unable to raise their children, loving couples are forced to separate, thousands of cities and towns are uninhabited, and Wan Li is uninhabited.
Reason: Emperor Yang Di was overjoyed and didn't care about the strength of the people. During his reign, he built a series of major projects, launched wars many times, imposed heavy taxes and military service, and made the people miserable.