Yan Hui, a native of Shandong, has a deep word. At the age of twenty-nine, his hair turned white and he died young at the age of thirty-one. Confucius once praised him: "Since I had a student, Yan Hui, my classmates have become closer every day, and everyone has become more harmonious. Yan Hui was famous for his virtue, and Confucius praised him as a benevolent man.
-"Confucius Family Language, Seventy-two Disciples Interpreting Article 38"
Fu sheng Yan zi
"The days of philosophers are far away, and the punishment has passed. Reading on the eaves of the wind, painting on the ancient road. Although the friendship between saints and philosophers was thousands of years ago, their spirit lives on forever. Through this passage, the author was lucky enough to find some documents about Yan Hui.
Fu Shengyanzi's practice of learning to think well and teaching for life is deeply admired. We thank the sages for their performances, and here we present the documents we have found to our friends. I hope you can appreciate the spiritual realm of "benevolence" of China sages and philosophers from the following words.
In China's 5,000-year-old civilization, only four surnames are Tian Tongpu. These four surnames are Kong, Meng, Zeng and Yan. The ancestors of these four families can be traced back to Confucius, Confucius, Ceng Zi and Yan Zi. The genealogy handed down by the Four Saints is exactly the same from generation to generation (that is, the words used to name generations), so it is called "Tian Tong genealogy".
The genealogy of the Four Saints shows the family origin of the Four Saints, which is also a reflection of the traditional culture of China.
Return to holiness after death
According to various historical records, Yan Hui is the most respected disciple of Confucius.
Yan Hui was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He was born in Ziyuan and Yanyuan, and was the son of Yan Lu, an early disciple of Confucius. Born in poverty, but able to live in poverty, smart, thoughtful, good at learning. He is a proud disciple of Confucius and is famous for his virtue.
Since the Han Dynasty, Yan Hui has been listed as the first of the "seventy-two sages", and sometimes only Yan Hui offered sacrifices to Confucius. Since then, emperors have been blocked, and posthumous title has been added continuously. Emperor Taizong revered him as a "teacher", Emperor Xuanzong revered him as "Duke Yan", Song Zhenzong revered him as "Duke Yan", Yuan Wenzong revered him as "Duke Yan Restoration" and Ming Jiajing revered him as "Duke Restoration". Up to now, there is still a "Fuxing Temple" in Qufu, Shandong.
For thousands of years, the restored Yan Hui has been revered for its origin. At the age of thirteen, he studied under the teacher and became a moral education teacher at the age of eighteen. Lang Kai of the Eastern Han Dynasty said: Yan Zi was eighteen years old and the world died. 」
Yan Hui traveled around the world with his teacher. After returning to Shandong, he not only gave lectures, but also helped Confucius sort out ancient books. Yan Hui is one of the main organizers of the Book of Changes. Later generations recorded that Yan Hui and Confucius were both weak crowns, and their moral knowledge was evident.
In the related literature, the birth and death years of Fu Sheng and Yan Hui are quite different. Fu Hui has never been an official in his life, nor has he left any works handed down from generation to generation. His words and phrases are collected in The Analects of Confucius and Family Stories of Confucius. But one thing is certain, he is the disciple who knows Confucius' "benevolence" best.
die young
According to Historical Records, Yan Hui was twenty-nine, his hair turned white, and the flea died. Confucius said bitterly, "I have my own reward, and my disciples benefit my relatives." 」
Lu Aigong asked, "Who is the disciple who wants to learn? Confucius said to him, "Those who have Yan Hui are eager to learn, will not be angry but will never fail. ".It's a pity that short-lived died, now also want to die. 」
Yan Hui is twenty-nine, and her hair is all white. He died prematurely at the age of 3 1. Confucius cried for Yan Hui and was very sad. He said, "Since I had a student, Yan Hui, my classmates are getting closer every day, and everyone is getting more harmonious. 」
Lu Aigong asked Confucius, "Who among your students is the easiest to learn?" (Confucius) replied, "There was a best scholar named Yan Hui. He never took it out on others and would never make the same mistake again. It's a pity that he died at a young age, and now he is gone (a studious person like Yan Hui). 」
Confucius was deeply saddened by his early death and could not help but sigh: "Alas! The day has passed! The day lost! " Due to the difficulties of Yan Hui's family, it was impossible to carry out the funeral according to the relevant etiquette at that time. Finally, his father Yan Lu raised money everywhere, and with the help of his friends and disciples, he finished the funeral.
Tianzi is very smart and likes to learn.
Yan Hui's honesty and introversion masked his intelligence and thoughtfulness. After a period of in-depth observation and understanding, Confucius pointed out that Yan Hui was not stupid. The Analects of Confucius records: Confucius said, "I talk back to you all day long, and I am not a fool." It's enough to retire and keep your privacy. Back also, not stupid! 」
Yan Hui's "studious" is a spirit advocated by Confucius. "I can't bear to worry about food and drink in the mean alley, and I won't have fun when I go back." In The Analects of Confucius, Yan Hui was the only scholar who was praised by Confucius many times. The reason is that he is a disciple who can truly "worry about Tao and not worry about poverty" and "seek Tao and not seek food".
Yan Hui pays attention to self-cultivation, is kind and upright, is open-minded and studious, and has outstanding virtue. No matter Confucius or his classmates, everyone pays tribute to Yan Hui's great ambition and superb virtue. Confucius praised Yan Hui for his eagerness to learn many times, calling him a saint. He once said, "Your reply is that there is virtue in the mountains." Said Yan Hui's integrity surpassed his own. In the most difficult period of Cai Chen-Zhier, Yan Hui was penniless and did not change his discipline. The master said, "I believe I have been back for a long time" and "I will wait until today". He also praised that if he realized the ideal of "benevolent governance", he would like to be a subordinate of disciple Yan Hui: "You are the son of Yan's family! Make more money, and I will kill for you. 」
There are many praised records in the literature of past dynasties.
In dealing with people, Yan Zi once said: "People are good to me, and I am good to them; If people are not good at me, I will be good. " (Biography of Korean Poetry, Volume 9)
Confucius said, "I have my feelings, and my disciples are good friends." "("Historical Records of Zhong Ni's Disciples ")
"The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang" records: Zi Yue Zi Gong: "Which is better, you or Hui?" Right: "How dare you turn back! I can also smell one thing and know two things. Confucius said, "The Buddha is like you, and I am like you. " 」
"Travels of Confucius' Family Disciples" also records: Zi Gong said: "My husband can stay up all night, satirize and pay homage, and speak carefully. It's a trip to Yan Hui. 」
The Analects of Confucius Taibo once praised Yan Zi: "Ask if you can, ask if you can't, be honest with Xu Ruo if you have something to do, and don't go to school if you commit a crime." 」
"Ceng Zi's disease", recorded in a book by the Great Dai Li: "If I don't have a husband. 」
Ceng Zi said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Shen: "I have no talent. 」
Zhang Zai, a great scholar in Song Dynasty, once commented that Yan Zi was determined to be holy all his life. Cheng Yi also said: "If Yanzi has no choice, why learn?" ? Learn to be a saint. "
Yan Zimin is sensitive and studious. "If you get a good deed, you lose a punch." He will practice what he has learned all his life, and interpret what he has learned according to it, and he is determined to become a benevolent gentleman with high moral character, and finally he is called "restoration of saints".
With such moral common sense, it is no wonder that Kong Old Master Q said, "Is it enough for a husband to be Yan Hui?" 」
Teachers, students and sons
Yan Hui entered the hole at the age of thirteen. He was open-minded and eager to learn, and realized the profoundness of Confucius' theory. The Analects of Confucius Zi Han said: Yan Yuan sighed: "The higher you lift it, the harder you drill. Look ahead, and suddenly you will fall behind! The master coaxed me: Bo me with words and ask me with courtesy. I can't stop, I have exhausted my talents. If I do something, although I want to follow it, I finally have no reason! 」
Therefore, he respects Confucius with the attitude of respecting the sages of past dynasties, and his relatives are like father and son. Yan Hui's benevolence has also influenced many students, and made Confucius' disciples unite more closely. Confucius believed that "since I have something in return, my disciples benefit from my relatives".
Confucius loved Yan Hui more because he trusted his kindness and honesty. In the most difficult period of Chen and Cai, Confucius talked with his disciples about Yan Hui, thinking that Yan Hui was pitiful, and said, "I have believed for a long time." "I won't get an answer to my letter until today." .
Confucius lamented in the article Confucius' Family Language: "A gentleman is knowledgeable and resourceful, but he doesn't meet many people. Why is he alone? "And Lan Zhi was born in the depths of the forest, not because there is no one but not fragrant; Xiu De, a gentleman, is not the same as changing religion because of poverty. Yan Hui said to him: "The master's way is great, and the world can't tolerate it; Although the main push, the world is not used, and the country is ugly. Master, what's wrong? Don't meet gentlemen in the future. 」
A gentleman is virtuous, knowledgeable and knowledgeable, but the world doesn't need him. For example, Lan Zhi doesn't care about anyone, but it doesn't smell good either. A gentleman does not mean his ambition to change his poor life. This dialogue record is a portrayal of the mutual affinity between master and apprentice.
For more than two thousand years, Fu Shengyanzi has been regarded by the world as a model of respecting teachers and valuing morality. In The Analects of Confucius Advanced, there is also a record that Yan Hui treats Confucius as his father: Confucius said, "Return to your father and treat him as your father." .
According to ancient books, Yan Hui rarely left after studying under Confucius. Shao Zhengmao and Confucius are giving lectures at the same time. At that time, some disciples left Confucius, but Yan Hui did not move. Someone asked him: Why don't you learn from Shao Zhengmao? Yan Hui said to him, "Once a teacher, always a father. What's more, the master's knowledge is higher and stronger, which is enough for me to learn. Where can I go? " . 」
The Analects of Confucius records that Confucius was separated from Yan Hui when Kuang Di was besieged. Later, Yan Hui said, "I think you are dead." Yan Hui said to him, "Your son is here. Why did you dare to die? 」
How precious this teacher-student relationship is! After reading such a story, I can't help applauding the two saints. Life is like this, what can I expect?
Of course, restoring the sage Yan Zi to learn from Confucius is not only to conform to the body, but also to the short life of the heart.
Learn from your own ambition.
Kong is always kind and kind when he talks about politics. Although Yan Hui didn't become an official, he took the teacher's ambition as his own and pursued it all his life.
Yan Yuan said, "Who is Shun? So is Anato? If there is a promising person, so is it. 」
Mencius Under the Sentence from Louzhang also said: "Yu, Ji and Yan Hui are the same. People who think that there are drowning in the world are all drowned by themselves; Ji believes that those who are hungry in the world are hungry themselves; Therefore, it is urgent. Yu, Ji and Yan Zi are all different places. 」
Regarding Yan Hui's political ambitions, ideals and beliefs, Confucius' Family Words and Thoughts recorded that Confucius and his disciples "expressed their aspirations through agriculture". Yan Hui said, "I hope that the Ming King will help me teach the five religions and guide me with rites and music, so that the people's city walls will not be repaired, the ditches and ponds will not be crossed, the swords and halberds will be cast into agricultural tools, and the horses and cattle will be returned to their original fields. There will be no thought of leaving the family, nor will I fight for Chitose. " "Thus, what Yan Hui yearns for is a stable and harmonious society with universal moral education, unity between the monarch and his subjects, coordination from top to bottom, and family and country benefiting each other. In such a society, everyone stresses righteousness and rules, there is no trench to prevent battlements, and there is no worry about war.
The words "Jing Zhi" and "Rong Zhi" in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi are also written records of Confucius and his disciples. Yan Zi, who is determined to restore the way of being a saint, expresses the same feelings as "Ploughing the Mountains": she cares about the world, cares about the world, and hopes to achieve world harmony.
This lofty ideal of "One World" is very valuable. Master once praised: Once this ideal can be realized, I would like to be a housekeeper for Yan Hui.
And the realization of this idea, like Confucius, Yan Hui advocated the idea of giving priority to education, even if it is difficult to achieve for a while, it is also difficult to achieve.
In Historical Records of Confucius' Family, Yan Hui said: "The way of the master is great, and the world can't tolerate it. Although, the master pushed, what disease is not allowed? Don't meet gentlemen in the future. It is my ugliness not to cultivate my husband's morality. Husband's road has been overhauled, no need, this is the ugliness of people with countries. What's wrong with it? Don't meet gentlemen in the future. 」
Yan Hui advocated in his administration: "I hope I can get something for nothing without cutting the goodness. From the perspective of governing the country, we say, "Don't undermine good governance, and don't put too much effort into the people. "From the perspective of personal cultivation, we say," Don't praise your own merits, and don't let others work hard. "
The Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan, hopes that everyone can do "don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you". Only when people have a fair and reasonable scale of communication can society move towards harmony.
The fate of Confucius and Yanzi's life is to inherit orthodoxy and eternal context. Although they have been wandering from place to place all their lives, their ambitions are hard to be rewarded, and sometimes their life and death are unpredictable, but they can never keep it, can't achieve their goals, and know that their lives should not stop and struggle, just like heaven and earth, they have lived for more than a thousand years. The meaning of a saint is always elsewhere.
Our modern people's lofty ideal of "the world is public and the world is harmonious" benefits from the scale of Confucius and Ersheng to the ideal society thousands of years ago.
Empty valleys and orchids, no one is fragrant; Sage style, forever!