Be sure to investigate the altar.
China ancient military books. Ming (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu), a martial arts scholar, and a title of generals in ancient times general Wang. Published in the 27th year of Wanli (1599), it recorded the history, art and literature of the Ming Dynasty. The existing Wanli Engraving Edition has 40 volumes and more than 560 pictures, about 1 10,000 words. The book is divided into 72 categories, including astronomy, geography, strategy, selection of generals, training, rewards and punishments, enemy situation, land and sea border defense, great river defense, attacking and defending cities, array methods, ship equipment, medical care for men and women, river and sea transportation, and statements of civil servants and military commanders on military affairs. Generally speaking, each volume takes the times as a classic, compares them in turn, and extensively solicits quotations. "The six classics in this book are the source, the left history is the change, the seven martial arts books are the study of its methods, the lessons of past dynasties are passed down to test its use, the famous ministers in recent times are sealed to learn from their knowledge, and the official novels must be exhausted" (Ke:) All kinds of books are preceded by the author's notes, which not only play a role in raising key points and hooking up mystery, but also reflect the author's idea of seeking historical reference. Starting from the situation that "the country is beset with disasters" (Ming Wanli edition "Going to the altar must be investigated", the same below), he advocated "storing generals" to train, adding equipment, believing in rewards and punishments, and adopting "clearing the field on land and building boats at sea" to meet the needs of the struggle against the enemy. Although this book is "a collection of special events but seldom used", it has certain reference value for future generations to study the ancient military history of China because of its detailed exploration. The six benevolence, Taiyi, Qimen, Zhan Hou, sacrifice and prayer in the book are superstitious and ignorant.
Sima Fa is a famous ancient military book in China. The legend was written by Jiang Ziya, but it was lost during the Warring States Period.
According to Biography of Sima Yi in Historical Records, "Qi Weiwang asked a doctor to study Sima Yi's art of war and attached it to it, so it was called Sima Yi's art of war." Sima Yi was a native of Qi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The original name is Tian, and his name is Jean. He led the army to defeat Jin and Yan and was named Fu in charge of military affairs. Later people called him Sima Rang.
Sima Fa was first seen in the ritual category of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, which is called military ceremony Sima Fa, 155. After the Han Dynasty, in the process of long-term circulation, the book was lost. It was recorded as three volumes and five articles in the compilation of Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi in the Tang Dynasty, and was included in the Ministry of War, which was called Sima Fa, which is now the prototype of Sima Fa with three volumes and five articles.
This book has been highly valued by military strategists and rulers of past dynasties. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once "placed a military attache, selected by Sima's art of war, and ranked doctor Bi." Sima Qian called the book "extensive and profound. Although three generations of conquest failed to achieve its purpose, its text was also." During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, Sima Fa was listed as one of the seven books in the Five Classics, and it was a must-read book for assessing military officers, selecting generals and studying military affairs. Due to the long history and serious loss of Sima Fa, scholars in past dynasties have different views on its authenticity, date of completion and author, especially since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Sima Fa has become a highly controversial military book. Some people think that Sima Fa is a fake book; Some scholars believe that the Art of War by Sima Yi, the Law of Sima Yi and the Law of Military Rites are different books. Some people think that this version of Sima Fa can be divided into two parts, the first two parts are ancient Sima Fa, and the last three parts are Sun Tzu's Art of War. At present, domestic scholars generally believe that this edition of Sima Fa is not a fake book, and the historical Sima Art of War, Si Mazhao Art of War and Military Ceremony Sima Fa are all included in Sima Fa. The author is Sima Yi and his pursuers. 155 Although there are only five articles left because of the serious losses and incomplete contents of this book, it still has good military thoughts and high military value.
The scope of Sima Fa is extremely extensive, basically involving all aspects of military affairs. It has preserved the ancient principles of using and managing soldiers, including the etiquette, weapons, badges, rewards and punishments, vigilance and other important historical materials in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In addition, there are rich philosophical thoughts, which attach great importance to the transformation between spiritual strength and material strength and the unity of dialectical relationship between light and heavy. We attach great importance to the role of human factors and morale.
China's famous ancient military books, one of the "Seven Military Classics". At the beginning of the Warring States Period, Qi Weiwang ordered doctors to review the Art of War by Sima Yi, and attached the Art of War by Sima Yi, a general of the State of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, so it was also called the Art of War by Sima Yi. Art History of Han Dynasty and literature records 155 military ceremony Sima Fa, classified as ceremony. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi contains three volumes of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which was written by Sima Yi and incorporated into the art of war of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Later, all kinds of history books and catalogue books followed this theory. This edition consists of three volumes and five articles, namely, benevolence, the meaning of the son of heaven, rank, strict rank and public use. More than 60 essays, 1600 words. Tang included some of its contents in the Collection of Books. The Five Classics and Seven Books engraved in Song Dynasty is the earliest extant edition. There are no fewer than forty or fifty kinds of annotated versions and reprints that have been circulated so far.
View of war
According to the purpose of war, Sima Fa divided war into two categories: justice and injustice. People believe that this war is just to level the chaos in the world, eliminate the harm of all people, punish violence and help the weak. Therefore, it is ok to kill for peace; Attack this country for the love of the people, attack it; Fight and fight, although you can fight. In order to expand territory or seize goods, it is unfair to humiliate the people of small countries by relying on the size of the country. Fighting should be "benevolence-oriented" If you die, go against morality and heaven, and you are in danger of making meritorious deeds, the Emperor of Heaven can assemble vassal States to send troops for an expedition and ban logging in nine cases. It is emphasized that the premise of waging war should be to protect the interests of the people. "The way of fighting is not outdated and the people are not sick, so we love our people." Don't be sad or fierce, so love your husband and his people; I don't want to be a teacher in winter and summer, so I love people at the same time. "On the issue of the enemy policy, it proposed that" no violence, no hunting in the wild, no destruction of soil, no burning of houses, no felling of trees, and no taking of six animals, crops and equipment. "When you see young people and old people, don't get hurt. Although you are strong, don't go to school or make enemies. If the enemy is injured, the medicine will be returned. " Distinguish war "sinners" from ordinary soldiers, and at the same time advocate preferential treatment for prisoners and medical treatment for their wounded. We do not advocate infringing on the interests of the enemy people, but we demand that the army strictly observe discipline after entering enemy-occupied areas in order to gain the sympathy and support of the enemy people. This is China's earliest exposition on enemy policies and mass discipline. Preparing for war with caution is an important thought of Sima Fa's view of war. It believes that "although the world is safe, it will be dangerous to forget the war." The world is peaceful, the son of heaven opens, and spring seeks autumn. Qin Shichun vibrates the brigade and vibrates the soldiers in autumn, so he does not forget the war. " Emphasis is placed on being prepared for danger in times of peace, and military training and review are carried out by using large-scale hunting activities twice a year in spring and autumn to show that the whole country does not forget the war and is ready to fight at any time. While emphasizing preparation for war, it also emphasizes that "although the country is big, belligerence will die", it is necessary to prepare for war, but it is not easy to fight.
Thought of running the army
Sima Fa believes that there is a fundamental difference between "ruling the country by courtesy" and "ruling the army by law", that is, "the country is not allowed, the army is not allowed", "the army is abolished, and the people's morality is weak". The first problem in running the army is strict reward and punishment. The book lists the similarities and differences of the reward and punishment system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, discusses in detail the important principles of legislation to govern the army, and emphasizes that the key to governing the army is to apply military law, establish constraints and clarify rewards and punishments. There are a large number of military ceremonies in Sima Fa, which can be roughly divided into: military system, military system (including chariots, infantry establishment and weapons and equipment), starting troops (including season, adapting to society, building temples, reasons, purposes, military posts, etc. ), flags, drums, badges, swearing-in, reviewing and hunting, offering victory, offering prisoners and troops. These provisions on the military system and the content of military laws embody the idea of governing the army according to law. In the aspect of training generals, five standards of "benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage and faith" are put forward. Emphasize both ability and political integrity, wisdom and courage, lead by example, and take the lead in setting an example. "Respect is respect, and the rate is service." Be modest, be strict, be firm, be responsible, not criticize, and set an example. Only in this way can the army be polite, disciplined, brave and good at fighting.
Military dialectics thought
Sima Fa's guiding ideology of war is based on simple military dialectics. It emphasizes a comprehensive investigation of war and "five considerations", namely, adapting to the weather, gathering wealth, being in harmony with people, geographical location and sophisticated weapons. Before the war, we should plan carefully, during the war, we should know how to respond, pay attention to reconnaissance, understand the changes of the enemy's situation, and adopt different methods to attack different enemies. We should be good at analyzing the situation of the enemy and ourselves from the relationship of unity of opposites, such as quantity, severity, chaos control, advance and retreat, difficulty, danger protection, priority, laziness, strong calmness, little fear and great fear, and decide the operational strategy on this premise. Emphasis on the mutual use of light and heavy, which can be transformed, should be good at using it properly, change the balance of power, and gain an advantage over the enemy. To observe the enemy, we must be good at seeing the essence through the phenomenon, so as to "lightly beat and avoid"; Beat their fatigue and avoid their leisure; Strike the big fear and avoid the small fear. "Weapons should be long and short, light and heavy, sharp and blunt, so as to give full play to their respective strengths and make up for each other's shortcomings. Issues such as whether to rest, when to rest, and the length of rest in military exercises should also be properly grasped. " If you rest, you will be lazy, and if you don't stop, it will be harmful; It's embarrassing to have a long rest.
Sima Fa has always been valued by rulers, strategists and scholars. The idea of running the army according to law and the specific content of military law expounded by it provided the basis for the formulation of military laws and regulations in the later period. People who demonstrated the military system of the Zhou Dynasty and annotated ancient books often quoted Sima Fa. Since the Song Dynasty, this book has been listed as one of the classics of martial arts examination and has been widely circulated. It also has a certain influence in the international arena. However, his conservative thoughts are not desirable.
the art of war
brief introduction
Sun Tzu's Art of War, also known as Sun Wu's Art of War, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Wu's Art of War, etc. , a brilliant treasure in China's classical military cultural heritage, is an important part of China's excellent cultural tradition. Its content is profound, its thoughts are profound and rich, and its logic is rigorous. The author is Sun Wu (word evergreen), a native of Qi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. It is generally believed that The Art of War was written three years ago between Zhuan Xu's stab and Sun Wu's encounter with the prince of Wu in He Lu, that is, 5 15 to 5 12 years ago. The book is divided into thirteen articles, which was a gift from Sun Wu when he first met the King of Wu. For details, see Sima Qian's Historical Records: "Sun Tzu, a great warrior, and Qi people also saw He Lv, the king of Wu, with the art of war. He said, "I have read Chapter 13. "There is a saying that" Thirty-six Tactics "uses military tactics, such as Sun Tzu's Art of War.
Sun Tzu's Art of War, written at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, is the earliest, most complete and famous military work in ancient China, and occupies an important position in China's military history. His military thoughts had a far-reaching influence on China's military strategists, politicians and thinkers. It has been translated into more than ten languages such as Japan, Britain, France, Germany and Russia, and has been widely circulated all over the world, enjoying the reputation of "sacred book of military science".
abstract
Sun Wu was originally from Qi, and later moved to Wu. At that time, it coincided with the coup of childe. He had been dormant for 20 years before he was hired as a general by Wu. After Ji Guang acceded to the throne, Wu Zixu heard about his talent and recommended it to the prince. At that time, Sun Wu took this 13 article to see the king of Wu and was reused. Later, the king of Wu attacked Chu, and the general was Sun Wu.
"History of Art and Literature" records: "Military strategist Sun Tzu, eighty-two articles, nine volumes". Thirteen of the eighty-two articles were written before meeting the king of Wu; See Empress Wu and write many questions and answers. As late as the Tang Dynasty, Sun Tzu's Art of War had three volumes, of which the first volume was thirteen, and the second volume was two. Du Mu, an annotator of Sun Tzu's Art of War, thinks that Cao Cao abridged eighty-two articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War into thirteen articles; However, some commentators believe that thirteen articles are from Sun Tzu himself, not the result of Cao Cao's abridgement.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is now considered to be created by Sun Wu, and later compiled into a book by his disciples.
Sun Tzu has thirteen books on the art of war. "Ji" is about temple calculation, that is, before sending troops, we compare the situation of the enemy and ourselves in the temple, estimate the possibility of winning or losing the war, and make a battle plan. This is the procedure of the whole book. "War" is mainly the war mobilization after the calculation of the temple. "To attack by stratagem" means to attack the city by stratagem, that is, to make the defending enemy surrender by various means without using special forces. "Shape" and "potential" are two basic factors that determine the outcome of a war: "Shape" refers to factors that are objective, stable and easy to see, such as the strength of combat effectiveness and the material preparation for a war; "Potential" refers to subjective, changeable and accidental factors, such as the distribution of troops, morale and courage. "Virtual Reality" is about how to disperse and assemble, surround and detour, so as to create our strong enemy and weak enemy at the scheduled battle site, and finally win more with fewer. The battle of the army is about how to "take detour as a straight line" and "take suffering as an advantage" to seize the combat advantage. The "Nine Changes" is about the general adopting different strategies and tactics according to different situations. Marching is about how to camp and observe the enemy during marching. Terrain is about six different operational terrains and their corresponding tactical requirements. "Nine Places" is about formulating nine operational environments and corresponding tactical requirements according to the situation of "subject and object" and the degree of penetration into the enemy. Fire attack is auxiliary fire. Housing is about the cooperative use of five kinds of spies. The language in the book is concise and the content is very philosophical. Many generals were later influenced by this book.