Jade Bird-shaped Pei in the Late Shang Dynasty
Jade works in the Western Zhou Dynasty inherited the double-line sketching technique of jade works in Yin and Shang Dynasties, and created the jade carving technique of thick slope line or thin yinxian line, which shined brilliantly in bird-shaped jade knives and animal-faced jade ornaments. On the whole, however, the jade articles in the Western Zhou Dynasty are not as lively and diverse as those in the Shang Dynasty, but rather rigid and too formal, which is also related to the strict patriarchal clan system and etiquette system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Fishing songs in the Western Zhou Dynasty
Unearthed from the Western Zhou Tomb in Huangtupo, Liu Lihe, Fangshan, Beijing.
Up to the tip, the upper and lower sides are double-edged, with ridges in the middle, and the ridge line is not obvious. There are seven groups of straight lines on the inner rectangle. Each group begins to draw lines with an oblique knife, and a negative line is parallel in the middle until the back edge comes out. There is a round hole next to the column, and there is a triangular Lei Wen decorative belt composed of thin yinxian in the column. The shape is large and thin, but it is cut straight and evenly, and the decoration is simple and exquisite, elegant and generous; The shape is neat and tidy, and the polishing is meticulous, which reflects the characteristics of the device as a ritual vessel.
This kind of jade in jade fish in the Western Zhou Dynasty is opalescent amphibole jade with gray spots. Carving a line of fish head, fish eye and fish belly with a small hole in the mouth is the best jade in the Zhou Dynasty.
Although there were terracotta warriors and horses known as the eighth wonder of the world in the pre-Qin period, the number of jade articles discovered by Qin people was relatively limited and their characteristics were not very clear. In the field of jade research, it is difficult to clearly distinguish the differences between Qin jade and Shandong jade in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and between Qin jade and the Warring States Period and the early Han Dynasty.
Han Dynasty was a unified feudal era in China, and its strong national strength promoted its handicraft production to be quite prosperous. At that time, jade also climbed to the highest level in the early development of ancient jade.
Jade in Han Dynasty is mainly made of nephrite. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and opened up the famous "Silk Road". The beautiful jade in Hetian, Xinjiang has continuously entered the Central Plains along the "Silk Road", which has greatly guaranteed the jade-making industry and created the historical trend that Hetian jade dominates the jade materials of later generations. At the same time, it also changed the situation that many jade articles used local materials and inferior local jade materials before the Han Dynasty, and fundamentally improved the quality of jade articles in the Han Dynasty.
Jade clothes, handles, pillows and swords appeared in the Han Dynasty. These jade swords include head, lattice, heart, sword, jade dancer, jade eagle, jade bear, jade fairy, horse riding, jade exorcism, jade seal, jade pigeon's first staff, "nine orifices" jade (eye mask, nasal congestion, earplugs, mouth and so on. Jade carving animals were also common in the Han Dynasty. Jade in Han Dynasty is realistic, instead of plane carving, it is three-dimensional round carving, and the outstanding carving techniques are "Han Ba Dao" and double groove grinding method (also known as "hairspring carving"). On the simplicity and vividness of jade carvings in Han Dynasty from the perspective of "Han Eight Knives".
To ward off evil spirits is a legendary god beast, which was popular in China in the Han Dynasty. There are often large stone carvings in front of the tombs of ancient emperors to ward off evil spirits, and there are also images of evil spirits in jade articles in the Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han jadeite in the exhibit comes from Baoji, Shaanxi. It holds its head high and roars, shoulders high, its wings are retracted, its front feet are straight, and its back feet are upright, which seems to have the spirit of exorcism, revealing the spiritual essence of the magnificent generation of the Han Empire.
Yu xian Ben ma in Han dynasty
Significant changes have taken place in jade articles in the Tang Dynasty, mainly manifested in the refinement of jade materials, the literary play of works and the appreciation of decoration.
In the Tang Dynasty, Hetian jade was the main jade material, and there were few other jade materials. In addition, a large number of agates and transparent crystals are not found in domestic mineral deposits, and may be imported from the western regions. The role of wenwan means that jade articles in the Tang Dynasty are more approachable and more enjoyable than those in the Zhou and Han Dynasties. The jade articles in Zhou Dynasty are mainly ceremonial jade articles, so you can't play with jars casually. The funeral exorcism jade in Han dynasty dominated the whole country, and its play was limited. Some jade ornaments before the Tang Dynasty are also quite exquisite, but they are too rich in breath and sense of ceremony. But the Tang Dynasty got rid of this and appreciated the decoration.
What caused the jade articles in the Tang Dynasty to change from antique to medieval, and appeared with a brand-new look?
(1) The economic and cultural development in the Tang Dynasty promoted the development of jade articles.
(2) The increasing dependence of the court on the demand for jade promoted the development of the court jade in the Tang Dynasty.
(3) The prosperity of culture and art in the Tang Dynasty is the soil and environment for the survival and development of jade articles in the Tang Dynasty.
A. In this strong cultural atmosphere, although jade articles in the Tang Dynasty are a small art category compared with other art categories, they have also been developed and influenced by other art categories.
B. The reopening and prosperity of the Silk Road and the Ceramic Road in the Tang Dynasty not only ensured the import of raw materials for jade articles in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, but also infected the jade articles in the Tang Dynasty with foreign cultures.
C. Chang 'an was an international commercial metropolis at that time.
There are two series of jade articles in Tang dynasty: sacrifice and etiquette. The former is mainly Guan Zen jade book, and the emperor covers the coffin.
Jade funeral book; The latter has jade belt board, jade step shake and so on.
New characteristics of jade modeling and use in Tang dynasty;
(1) Its jade modeling and use tend to be unified, with obvious functions, which is sometimes separated from the early jade modeling and use.
It is obviously different for a device to be used for multiple purposes.
(2) In the Tang Dynasty, the old ceremonial jade withdrew from the stage and a new ceremonial jade appeared. The buried jade almost disappeared, Foyu.
Utensils, practical jade utensils and decorative jade are popular.
Etiquette jade in Tang and Five Dynasties no longer used the "Yuan wares" of Zhou Dynasty, such as Yan and Bi, but only two kinds of Zen jade books and funeral books are known at present.
The jade book of Zen Buddhism is in the form of bamboo slips, with more than five pieces in a row, connected by silver thread, and the book is an official script. Jade Mourning Book is the last eulogy when the emperor was buried, and it is a eulogy to praise the emperor's achievements. Jade funeral books are flat and flaky, but they are all wide and long, with smooth surfaces. The front is engraved with regular script characters, filled with gold, and the back is numbered in sequence. There are two kinds of Buddhist jade articles in Tang Dynasty: Jade Buddha and Jade Flying. There are many flying jade in jade handed down from ancient times, most of which are female images, and their shapes can be comparable to those in Dunhuang murals.
In the Tang Dynasty, court jade was actually decorative jade, but this noble decorative jade was not popular among the people, but was used in the court, so we classified it as court jade, mainly including jade belts and jade jewelry. Jade artifacts first appeared in Shang Dynasty, but it didn't develop greatly until Tang Dynasty due to social and technical reasons. In fact, most of the jade ornaments in the Tang Dynasty were Xiao Sheng jade wares, with animal images and decorative purposes. Jade ornaments in the Tang Dynasty are mostly figures and animals, including people from the Central Plains and objects from the Central Plains, as well as people from the Western Regions and objects from the Western Regions.
The common decorative techniques of jade articles in the Tang Dynasty are:
(1) Jade in Sui and Tang Dynasties is decorated with both gold and jade, with complementary colors, metallographic jade and incomparable splendor.
A colorful face. The appearance of gold ornaments on jade articles began from the Warring States to the Han Dynasty, when the owners of gold ornaments
It should be used as a hook, such as gold chain, Yu Pei gold jade belt hook, etc. Decorating jade articles with gold in Sui and Tang Dynasties played a special role.
Yes, but mainly for decoration.
(2) In the decorative patterns of jade articles in the Tang Dynasty, flower patterns were widely used, because painting was one step ahead of painting.
In the history of painting, the formation of the flower-and-bird clan should be after the Yuan Dynasty. The pattern is complete, with buds, leaves and stems.
Everything is available. The flower shape of decorative jade articles in Tang Dynasty has two forms: modeling and decoration. Flowing at the same time as the flower pattern
There are ruyi moire patterns, which are often decorated next to human bodies and flowers and birds.
(3) In the decorative techniques of jade articles in the Tang Dynasty, fine yinxian and fine mesh yinxian were mainly used to express patterns. Before the Tang Dynasty, jade decoration mainly expressed patterns and artistic themes through lines.
Features:
(1) Thin parallel lines are used for clothing lines, hair, flowers and leaves, and feathers. Buds and animal scales are painted with fine grid lines.
(2) All lines are cut with thallium, with deep footing, thick and straight middle, thin nib and obvious line pattern trend. On the outer edge of the common human figure and pattern images, there is a thick chord frame, and the concave areas in the frame are described by relief and negative lines, and patterns such as human figure, pattern and bird pattern are cut out.
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