The first is an overview. Up and down. In other words, as a whole, think as a whole, and be good at thinking in connection with the second half. Reading articles is most afraid of taking them out of context, and reading classical Chinese is no exception. Only by looking at it as a whole, thinking about it as a whole and thinking about it in the last six months can we grasp the specific meaning of the sentences in the text. It is difficult to understand a word or sentence if we look at it alone and in isolation. For example, what does this sentence mean? In 2008, the National College Entrance Examination Volume I Classical Chinese Sentences, the same below, omitted? If you look at this sentence in isolation, you can't figure out what it means anyway. You must contact its context and put this sentence into the full text to deliberate and think, so as to grasp its exact meaning. The previous article said that those who have the ability to farm and fight should be given extra rewards, and every hectare of farmland should be given. How much should they be given? One pass, ah, means "give a bag of materials" Another example is the phrase "re-lease tax", which is hard to understand in itself. Then, those who have the ability to farm and fight in the school should be given extra rewards. What about the people? Those who are willing to farm should be tax-free. Ah, it turns out that "restoring tax" means "exempting tax". This is incomprehensible to a single sentence, and it must be connected from front to back, from left to right, from top to bottom, and become a whole.
Any paragraph of classical Chinese is difficult to understand if you read a sentence in isolation. Suitable for reading various genres of classical Chinese paragraphs (including biographies, travel notes, essays, essays, prefaces and postscripts, letters, etc.).
The second is to look at the questions first and get inspiration from them. Although the fourth question in classical Chinese is also a multiple-choice question, it is often an analysis, understanding and generalization of the full text. Although one item in it is wrong, let's take it as right. Reading the questions in advance is very helpful for understanding and reading the original text.
For example, "the ancient emperors should have their own soldiers, so they should be prepared for danger in times of peace and strengthen their main force ... Please run Jiankang, support the six divisions as a stick, and take Du Jinren as a spy." When reading these words, you don't understand them very well, or you don't understand them accurately At this point, you can read item b of question 4. "Liao Gang thought that the ancient emperor personally led the army to strengthen the main force in order to guard against it. Today, we should also choose pro-soldiers, guard at ordinary times and fight in wartime. He also believes that the current national disaster should lead the army to Jiankang to guard against the invasion of the Jin people. " Once you read it, you will understand it accurately. This is the inspiration given by asking questions, which helps us understand the original text accurately.
The third is to be good at clarifying the relationship between characters. Although a classical Chinese is written about a major character, it is more or less related to other minor characters, which is also an indispensable part of understanding classical Chinese. Imagine, if you don't even know who said this sentence and where it ended, how can you understand its meaning? If you can't understand the meaning, how can you answer the question accurately?
For example, in the classical Chinese part of the National College Entrance Examination in 2008, although Liao Gang was the main topic, although most things were related to Liao Gang and most of the omitted subjects were Liao Gang, Liao Gang's son Liao Chi, thief, Zhang Qian, Cai Bian, Zhang Jie, Zheng Yinian, Qin Gui, the old prime minister, Wang Cirong, Ren Jin, and even many figures such as Qin Zong and Hui Zong were mentioned. What they did, what they said, what kind of relationship they had with Liao Gang, what happened with Liao Gang and so on. Be sure to make it clear when reading. If they don't make it clear, they will be confused and even confused.
When we read classical Chinese, we must have in mind the concept of the relationship between people. We must first understand who said a sentence and who did an action or a thing, so as to understand the meaning of the text. Otherwise, you will grab your eyebrows and beard and have no idea.
The fourth is to master some specific idioms in classical Chinese. It is good to master a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and it is also good to master a large number of function words. However, sometimes we must highlight the idiomatic meanings of some notional words in classical Chinese, because these idiomatic meanings of notional words in classical Chinese are used frequently, and they can show the connection before and after. For example, the change and transfer of official positions, too long time, actions related to the emperor and so on.
The word "except" is frequently used in the conversion and transfer of official positions. If it is placed before or after the official position, it must mean "conferring an official position". Don't misinterpret it as "dismissal", it will misinterpret the meaning. In addition, such as "promotion", "relocation" (transfer), knowledge (appointment, work), demotion (appointment), change (job change), division (relevant officials), etc.
In terms of the length of excessive time, such as the word "Qiu", which means "soon or just", this word is also used frequently and must be mastered. In addition, such as "for a while" (for a while), "for a while" (for a while, soon), "rotating" (soon), "tilting" (for a while) and so on.
As far as the behavior related to the emperor is concerned, such as the word "imperial edict", it must refer to the orders, instructions, imperial edicts and proclamations of the emperor or the court. Anyway, it has something to do with the emperor. When reading classical Chinese, you must understand this meaning. In addition, there are "troublesome" (especially the emperor's orders or imperial edicts), "monarch" (monarch or conscription system), "strategy" (documents of the emperor's fief, knighthood or dismissal of officials), "Chen Chen" (the place where the emperor lived, palace), "Jin and Jin" (appearing in front of the emperor) and "Guan" (. (the emperor's seal), "Yu Yu" (something related to the emperor), "Xing" (the emperor came) and so on. As soon as you see these words, you should have a general meaning in your heart.
The fifth is to understand some necessary common sense of ancient culture. Common sense of ancient culture includes the following eight categories. First, names and titles, such as names, courtesy names, honorific names, base names, names, figures, serial numbers, posthumous title, temple numbers, year numbers, Yuan changes, honorific names, emblem numbers, age appellation, and naming of works. The second is official position and imperial examination. Third, geographical knowledge, such as the names of regions, administrative regions and mountain passes. Fourth, patriarchal manners and customs, such as patriarchal clan system, manners and customs, respect and inferiority, taboos, taboos and so on. The fifth is clothing appliances. Sixth, calendar criminal law, such as calendar, calendar, calendar, calendar, calendar and so on. Seventh, ancient music, such as eight tones, five tones, six tones, elegant music, pop music, Jing Shou, Liu Yao, Nishang, Sanglin, Wushe, musicians, Yangchun Baixue and Xialiba people. Eight is the annotation style of ancient books, such as biography, annotation, writing, thinning and interpretation.
Give a few concrete examples. For example, when the words "Yin" and "Yang" refer to the direction of mountains and rivers, you should understand that "Shui Yin" refers to the south of water and "Shui Yang" refers to the north of water. Remember this, then, "Yin Shan and Yang Shan" will naturally know, because mountains and water are opposites. For example, add the word "Ling (beautiful)" to address, indicating honorifics, such as "your father, your mother, your lover, your daughter, your brother, your brother" and so on. , are honorifics of each other, don't call yourself. Another example is "pro-old", which definitely refers to your parents; "Worry" necessarily means "mourning"; "Mourning" means "mourning is over". Another example is "five ethics", which refers to the relationship between monarch and minister, father and son, brothers, husband and wife, and friends, that is, the meaning of monarch and minister, the relationship between father and son, the order of brothers, the differences between husband and wife, and the trust of friends. Another example is "Da Prison", (pigs, cows and sheep should be sacrificed) and "Less Prison" (two for pigs, cows and sheep) and so on.
Sixth, be good at supplementing, deleting, copying, modifying, adjusting, merging, expanding and communicating. The so-called "supplement" is "supplement". Because classical Chinese, like poetry, is a very concise style, when interpreting or translating, we must make up those omitted elements to make it smooth, otherwise it will be awkward and unreasonable. The so-called "deletion" means "deletion". What should be deleted from classical Chinese? Of course, it is a function word with no practical meaning in classical Chinese. For example, the word "fu" is generally not translated and can be deleted. For example, some function words at the end of tone, such as "zhi, fu, zhe, ye, Yu, Yan and zai", can be deleted in translation. The so-called "copying" means "copying". There are many contents in classical Chinese that can be copied and recorded. Specifically, it includes the names of people, places, officials, titles, years, months, days, posthumous title, posthumous title and temples. Can be recorded without translation. The so-called "change" is "transformation". It is to turn ancient and modern meanings into words and sentences in modern Chinese. The so-called "merger" means "merger". For some fine and intertextual sentences, they can be merged, just like merging similar items in mathematics. The so-called "adjustment" means "adjustment". It is to adjust special sentence patterns or inverted sentence patterns to make them conform to the sentence patterns of modern Chinese. There are many adverbial postpositions, attributive postpositions, prepositional object sentences and subject-predicate inversion sentences in classical Chinese, all of which belong to special sentence patterns or inversion sentences and need to be adjusted. The so-called "expansion" means "expansion and expansion". Is to expand precision. The so-called "communication" means "communication". Of course, it is to connect some words and sentences with incoherent meanings to make the meaning smooth.