How much do you know about the number one scholar in ancient times?
How many number one scholars did my country’s ancient imperial examinations produce? According to historical records, there were 139 champions in the Tang Dynasty; the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Zhou Dynasties of the Five Dynasties followed the Tang system, with 11 champions; and the Song Dynasty had 118 champions. There were 32 Mongolian and Han champions in the Yuan Dynasty; 89 champions in the Ming Dynasty; from the Qing Dynasty to the 31st year of Guangxu's reign, the imperial examination system was abolished, and 114 champions were produced in Japan. In total, from the early Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, there were 503 champions in China.
In addition, during the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the first Jinshi was the number one scholar, with a total of 33 people. Zhang Xianzhong's Dashun regime had 1 champion, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had 14 champions. In total, there are 551 champions in the history of our country (excluding Wu champions and female champions).
The first and last number one scholar
The first number one scholar in the history of our country was Sun Fuga, the number one scholar in Renwu Branch in the fifth year of Wude (622 years), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty. The last number one scholar in the history of our country was Liu Chunlin, the number one scholar in Jiachen Branch in the 30th year of Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1904).
Regarding Liu Chunlin, his No. 1 ranking was actually obtained by changing his name. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Cixi was in power and did all the ridiculous things. At that time, Cixi, who was facing internal and external difficulties, was celebrating her 50th birthday and wanted to get some good luck from the imperial examination. She opened the test paper that the examiner ranked first, and she couldn't help but feel happy when she saw the meaningful handwriting and fluent diction. But when she saw that it was signed by Zhu Ruzhen, she felt angry: the word "zhen" reminded her of Concubine Zhen, who supported Guangxu's reforms, so Cixi became angry when she saw the word "zhen". Therefore, after Zhu Ruzhen, who ranked first, was abandoned, Liu Chunlin, who ranked second, was renamed the new top scholar by Cixi.
The only female number one scholar in history
There have been many talented women in the history of our country, but from the beginning of the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty to the abolition of the imperial examination in the late Qing Dynasty, there was not a single number one number one scholar named by the feudal dynasties. woman. The only female champion in our country was born in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Taiping Rebellion advocated equality between men and women, and had established female camps led by female officials since the rebellion. After Tianjing was established as the capital, in order to select talented women to participate in administrative work, a special women's imperial examination was held in the third year of Guichou of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1853), and Fu Shanxiang was ranked first. Fu Shanxiang is a native of Jinling. He is 20 years old and very talented.
Fu Shanxiang is the only female champion in the history of our country.
The best number one scholar in all dynasties
In ancient times, all number one scholars were outstanding. Among the number one scholars in all dynasties -
The one with the highest achievements in poetry and painting was Xin Wei in the 19th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty. Wang Wei, the top scholar in the department. He is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and his poetry art is praised as "the first since Li (Bai) and Du (Fu)." His paintings are praised as the "ancestor of Southern Song Dynasty painting", and ancient literati began to paint from him.
The person with the highest achievement in lyric writing was Zhang Xiaoxiang, who was the number one scholar in the Jiaxu Division in Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty in the 24th year. His style of writing follows that of Su Shi, with a majestic spirit and profound patriotism. He is the forerunner of the great patriotic poet Xin Qiji.
The person with the highest achievement in calligraphy is Liu Gongquan, the number one scholar in Wuzi Branch in the third year of Tang Yuanhe. He was proficient in regular script and cursive script. Historically, he, Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Zhao Mengfu were collectively known as the "Four Masters of Regular Script".
The person with the highest historical achievement is Wang Pu, the champion of Jiyouke in the second year of Qianyou of the Later Han Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. He compiled one hundred volumes of "Huiyao of the Tang Dynasty" and thirty volumes of "Huiyao of the Five Dynasties". These two sets of books are not only rich in historical materials, but also formally established the style and method of classifying and compiling the main body, which will be imitated by later generations.
The most famous thinker is Chen Liang, the number one scholar in Guichou Branch in the fourth year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty. He put forward the proposition that "what fills the universe is nothing but things, and what is used in daily life is nothing but things", and had many debates with Zhu Xi on the relationship between justice and benefit. His theory is a system of its own and he is the founder of the "Yongkang School".
The most admired national hero by later generations is Wen Tianxiang, who won the top prize in Bingchenke in the fourth year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty. With his lofty patriotism and national integrity, he is known as "the number one among the number one scholars".
The person with the highest achievement in botany was Wu Qijun, the number one scholar in Dingchou family in the 22nd year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty. He served as governor of many provinces throughout his life. He paid attention to the relationship between fertility and people's livelihood in various places. He heard and witnessed it, and compiled documents about plants in ancient books. He wrote the two most important botanical monographs of the 19th century in my country, "Plant Names and Facts". "Long Edition of Illustrated Examination" and "Illustrated Examination of Plant Names and Facts".
The person who had a major influence and role on China's modern political situation was Weng Tonghe, the number one scholar in Bingchenke in the sixth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty. He served as an imperial advisor twice in his life. After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, he actively supported Kang Youwei's reform ideas and eventually promoted the "1898 Reform", which brought major changes to the political situation at that time. □Ran Ye
Information
Records of the Number One Scholar in Ancient China (Complete) (Repost)
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In the history of China's imperial examinations, there have been millions of candidates and more than 100,000 Jinshi, but the "number one scholar" who is the pinnacle of this huge group of intellectuals can only be counted on one finger.
According to research, starting from the first imperial examination champion Sun Fujia in the fifth year of Wude (622), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, to the last champion Liu Chunlin in the 30th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1904), during these 1283 years, the number of candidates who could be examined The number of rankings is 745. The Communist Party of China produced 592 number one scholars (some say 504 people). Together with the number one scholars selected by other short-lived regimes and the military number one scholars of various generations, the total number of civil and military number one scholars in Chinese history is 777.
In ancient Chinese society, everyone from common people to officials and dignitaries firmly believed: "Books have their own beauty like jade, books have their own millet, and books have their own houses of gold." Those who read. The direct utilitarian purpose is to become an official. Since Confucius, "excellence in learning leads to officialdom" has become an everlasting path of struggle for intellectuals. Therefore, he studied hard for decades in order to be named on the gold medal list, to become an official with literature, to become an eunuch, and to honor his ancestors. Receiving the first prize is not only the lifelong pursuit of scholars all over the world, but also has the great honor in the minds of the people that "it is only awarded by the heavens, and everyone in the world looks up to see it". Once he ranks first in the palace examination, he will be immediately appointed to an official position by the Ministry of Civil Service, either as a compiler in the Hanlin Academy, as a writer or secretary, as a compiler of national history, or as a lecturer to the emperor. From then on, he will enter a dangerous and unpredictable official career. , began a long life of official ups and downs, honor and disgrace. Quite a few of them have finally reached prominent positions throughout their lives. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, there were 147 champions whose names could be tested and 29 whose deeds could be tested, including 5 prime ministers and 8 officials at the level of minister (including deputy ministers). In the Qing Dynasty, among the 114 champions, as many as 20 had reached the level of first-rank minister. It can be said that working hard to get promoted in the officialdom and becoming the number one scholar are the supreme pursuit of realizing the value of life.
It is not easy for a scholar to get the first prize. Countless scholars across the country have passed the provincial examination, provincial examination, and finally won the first place in the palace examination. You can imagine the fierce competition. Su Xun, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, once lamented that "it is as easy as climbing to the sky if you don't know how to succeed." Especially in the Qing Dynasty, there were many people who even had gray hair and were still "boys". People do not think he is very old when he is a Jinshi in his forties or fifties. "Emperor Taizong was so clever that he made heroes live long" is a vivid portrayal of this historical and cultural phenomenon. For example, the Song Dynasty produced 118 number one scholars. According to the "Complete Biography of China's Number One Scholar", 51 of them were eligible for examination in their birth and death years. Among them, 37 were number one scholars between the ages of 20 and 30, accounting for 72.5%. The youngest was 18 years old. , 2 people over 50 years old won the top prize. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 114 champions in the imperial examination, and 54 candidates were eligible for examination in their birth and death years. Among them, 19 were champions between the ages of 20 and 30, accounting for 35%, and the youngest was 21 years old. There are 5 winners over the age of 50, the oldest is 62 years old. The road to No. 1 Scholarship is by no means easy to follow the way of Bashu.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were mainly three Jinshi examinations, which were basically followed in subsequent dynasties. One is to stick to scriptures, which in modern terms means to fill in the blanks. The examiner selects a line from the Classics, and then covers the three characters in it with stickers, asking the candidates to read out which characters are posted. The purpose is just to test the candidates' memorization skills and test the candidates' understanding of the scriptures. Proficiency. In the second poetry test, each candidate writes a poem and a poem. This test is extremely important. For example, in the second year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (714), the examination question was called "Flag Fu", and it was stipulated that the rhyme must be "windy sun and cloudy fields, military country is pure". Li Ang, the top scholar at that time, wrote a fu with 27 sentences and 327 characters. The full text was eloquent, powerful in diction, and accurate in rhyme. He ranked first among the 27 admitted Jinshi. In the third exam, a question was asked about current affairs and the candidates were asked to answer their own opinions. The purpose was to see the candidates' unique insights into the strategy of governing the country and to think that the country would choose talents who can govern the country and bring peace to the world. These three exams all implement an elimination system, and everyone is determined to go or stay in each exam. If you don't do well in one exam, your dream of becoming the top scholar will be shattered. After Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, the scientific examination was revised again. According to the order of policy, fu, scripture and ink meaning, the candidates were allowed to try four times at the same time, and the final decision was made after a comprehensive balance. After the candidates have finished the exam, the top ten will be ranked by the "recipient minister" and presented to the emperor. The emperor will ultimately determine who is the "first, first, first, first" based on personal judgment. Therefore, most of those who can win the first prize are talented people of the dynasty. They are talented, diligent and studious, have a good cultural atmosphere, or have unique talents. They often have peerless talents that are praised by everyone. For example, Yang Shen, the number one scholar in the Ming Dynasty, was "alert at a young age, capable of poetry at the age of eleven, and planned to write "Ancient Battle Essays" and "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty" at the age of twelve." At the age of thirteen, he was famous for his poems in Beijing, and was accepted as a disciple by Li Dongyang, the leader of the poetry circle. , passed the imperial examination at the age of nineteen, and won the first prize at the age of twenty-four, becoming the only number one scholar in Sichuan during the Ming Dynasty.
Among the more than 700 top scholars, there are also mediocre people. A large number of people achieve nothing after becoming the top scorer in high school. They have eccentric personalities, are addicted to drinking, are poor and miserable in their old age. Lu Wenhuan, the number one scholar in the second year of Guanghua reign of Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty (899), was so poor that he couldn't even afford a drink. He was pitiful enough. There are also many champions who serve as officials for one term but have no political achievements and remain mediocre throughout their lives. What's more, he surrendered to the rebels, framed and flattered him, and was called a "treacherous villain" in history books. For example, Mo Chou, the number one scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, surrendered to the Jin soldiers and helped Zhou to abuse him. These number one scholars cannot be recorded in history, and it is difficult to leave a clear name. They can be called the unworthy scum among the number one scholars.
In the scientific examination for the number one scholar, sometimes it is not all based on true talent and learning. Some people are the number one scholar in high school because of connections or accidental reasons. In the Tang Dynasty, there were Niu Xishu, the "wishing champion", Yin Shu, the "self-recommended champion", Wang Sizong, the "sumo champion", etc. You can tell from their nicknames.
Pei Siqian, the number one scholar, was even worse. In the second year of Emperor Wenzong's reign (837), Gao Kai, the Minister of Rites, learned about the tribute examination and presided over the imperial examination. He flaunts fairness and declares that he will never ask for favors. Based on his relationship with the famous eunuch Zuo Shence Army Lieutenant Qiu Shiliang, Pei Siqian asked Gao Kai to let him be the number one scholar. At that time, Emperor Wenzong was a puppet, and Qiu Shiliang's power was overwhelming. Pei Siqian, carrying Qiu Shiliang's letter, openly said to Gao Kai: "Pei Xiucai will not be let go unless he is the number one scholar." Gao Kai thought for a long time and knew that he was unable to resist, otherwise he would be in great trouble. At the end of the day, he had no choice but to record Pei Siqian as the number one scholar. When the world is in turmoil and the imperial power is on the decline, seemingly fair scientific examinations often find it difficult to escape the constraints of powerful officials and become a puppet of palace politics. This cannot but be said to be the tragedy of the number one scholar in the scientific examinations.
Most of the number one scholars in the past dynasties came from famous families. They have been in a wealthy family environment since they were young, with important ministers and celebrities in their homes. Some are even the number one scholar of his father and son, the number one scholar of his grandson, the son of a prime minister, and the son-in-law of a minister. The glory and brilliant status of their fathers laid a solid foundation for them to reach the top of scientific research. Many people have successfully realized their dream of becoming the number one scholar by relying on the recommendation and training of famous ministers. However, there are also quite a few number one scholars who come from poor families. They all rely on their own talents to become the top students in the country. In particular, Song Taizu, in order to get rid of the chronic problem of the Tang Dynasty's powerful people manipulating the imperial examinations and engaging in malpractice, strengthened supervision and restrictions on the children of powerful people in the imperial examinations, and deliberately selected a group of civilian children to pass the imperial examinations. For example, Lu Mengzheng, the number one scholar in the second year of the Taiping Xingguo reign of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (977), was kicked out of the house by his father when he was young. He lived with his mother in Longmen Mountain and lived in a mountain cave. Guan Hanqing, a famous dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote "Lü Mengzheng Broke the Kiln in the Wind and Snow", which is a drama based on Lu Mengzheng's poor life. Lü Mengzheng, who was lonely and poor, relied on his talents and hard study to become the most powerful person in the world at the age of 31 and the prime minister at the age of 42. He became the Prime Minister of the two dynasties and was admired by all. In every dynasty, there have been champions like Lu Mengzheng. They became the lucky ones for the common people to get ahead through the imperial examination.
The imperial examination was an important way for feudal rulers to select officials for the country. Back then, when Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty saw the new scholars filing out of the examination room, he said happily: "All the heroes in the world are in my class!" For more than a thousand years, the imperial examination system has selected a large number of outstanding people with real talents and practical knowledge. Talented people who can govern and secure the country form the backbone of the ruling group from the central to local bureaucracies. But what followed was a historical spectacle: the champions were named after their literature, but there were only a few who had high achievements in literature and art, and very few of them entered the ranks of everyone. As the number one scholar, they were versed in poetry, poetry, and prose. They often had poems and books handed down from generation to generation, and some even wrote their own books. However, since high school, the vast majority of them have devoted themselves to official careers and have no intention of writing. They are keen on officialdom and focusing on wealth and gains and losses, and have no intention or ability to persistently explore literature and art. Among the more than 700 top scholars, except for Yang Shen, Liu Gongquan and others who achieved relatively high achievements, most of them had mediocre academic achievements and were difficult to pass down for generations to come. It is difficult for the top pick to be among everyone, and it is difficult for everyone to be the top pick in high school. Among the 265 number one scholars in the Tang and Song dynasties, none of the eight great masters such as Su Shi and great poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu won the number one title.
This extremely unique historical and cultural phenomenon is still a mystery of ancient culture that puzzles people