2 Note: Deficiency of Lower Yuan is also called kidney-yang deficiency [1]. Deficiency of kidney-yang is the pathogenesis, also known as kidney-yang failure, essence-qi failure, exhaustion of the next element and deficiency of the true element, that is, serious deficiency of kidney-yang. The clinical manifestations are listlessness, wheezing when moving, limp waist and knees, cold limbs, abdominal distension, diarrhea before dawn, constipation or frequent urination at night, and delayed foot pulse. Treating diseases by warming and nourishing Ming-men [2].
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