Confucius (551 BC-479 BC), whose name was Zhong Ni, was born at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in the state of Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong).
He is a famous thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. According to legend, there are 3, disciples and 72 sage disciples. Confucius led his disciples around the world for 14 years. Confucius was also an ancient literature collator. He edited Poems and Books, defined Rites and Music, and prefaced Zhouyi to make Chunqiu. Confucius' thoughts and theories had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Confucius' life story, Confucius' bumpy political career
great educator's life story, Confucius' philosophical sayings
Biography of Confucius (written by Cao Yaode, Song Junping and Yang Zuoren)
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Confucius' life story
According to research, the sixth generation ancestor of Confucius is Kong Fujia, which is the Song State.
Confucius' father's name is Shu Liang Ge (Shu Liang is the word, Ge is the name) and his mother's name is Yan Zhizai. Shu Lianggan was a famous warrior in Lu at that time. He made two military exploits and served as a doctor in Qiaoyi. Shu Liangge married Shi first, and gave birth to 9 daughters and no children. He took another concubine and gave birth to a son, named Bernie, also known as Meng Pi. There was something wrong with Meng Pi's foot, and Shu Liangge was very dissatisfied, so he married Yan Zhizai again. At that time, Shu Liangge was 66 years old and Yan Zhizai was less than 2 years old.
in 551 BC (the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu), Confucius was born in Changping Township (now the southeast of Qufu City in Shandong Province). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child in Niqiu Mountain, it was named Qiu and the word Zhong Ni. When Confucius was three years old, Shu Liangge died, and the Confucius family became the world of Shi's family. Shi's family was evil, and Meng Pi's biological mother had been abused and died by Shi's family one year before Shu Liangge's death. Confucius and his mother were not tolerated by Shi's family, so Yan Zhizai, the Confucius mother, had to move to Qufu Que with Confucius and Meng Pi, and life was difficult. When Confucius was 17 years old, his mother Yan Zhizai died. At the age of 19, Confucius married the daughter of an official of the Song Dynasty. One year later, the official gave birth, and Lu Zhaogong sent someone to congratulate him. Confucius felt very honored and named his son carp, the word Bo Yu.
Confucius
In the 5,-year history of China, Confucius is the one who has had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation. Confucius was an educator, thinker and half a politician, but above all, he was a noble intellectual. He is upright, optimistic and enterprising, and he has been pursuing truth, goodness and beauty all his life, and pursuing an ideal society all his life. His success and failure are all related to his character. The advantages and disadvantages of his character have influenced China people for thousands of years, especially the intellectuals in China.
When you are angry, you forget your worries.
When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "When you are angry, you forget your worries, and you don't know when you are old." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for nine years, and went through hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of governors, but he almost died. However, Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich and expensive is like a cloud to me". In Confucius' mind, doing righteousness is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between the rich and the poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. However, his peace and happiness can not be regarded as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain the Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; If you don't take the road, you won't get anywhere. Poverty and meanness are what people hate; If you don't take the road, you won't go. " "Rich and available, although the whip, I also do it. If you can't ask for it, do what I want. "
Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching others
Confucius is famous for his eagerness to learn, and he shows a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge. Therefore, he is versatile and knowledgeable, and he was famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint. But Confucius himself did not know this. Confucius said, "I can't learn if I am saint, but I never tire of teaching." Confucius learned that there is no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and what he doesn't know, he worships him as a teacher. Therefore, he said, "There must be a teacher in a threesome."
Go straight
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "If I am to others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you have a reputation, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. " "Historical Records" recorded that Confucius had asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Lao Tzu gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to the dead, and considerate. Debate the vast number of people who are in danger, and those who are evil are also. Those who are sons should not have their own, and those who are ministers should not have their own. " This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some faults of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people in position and bringing great danger to himself.
Be kind to others
Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman as an adult is not evil", and "Bowing to others while neglecting others" are all his life principles. Confucius said, "Five out of ten, I am determined to learn; I stand at thirty; I am not confused at forty; I know my destiny at fifty; I am obedient at sixty; I am obedient at seventy; I do not overstep my bounds." This is Confucius' summary of all stages of his life.
bumpy political career
Confucius was keen on politics all his life, with a passion for serving the country and his own political opinions, but the supreme ruler always took a distant and respectful attitude towards him. He has only been involved in politics for more than four years. During these four years, he has done a lot of things and his position has been promoted quickly. But after all, they parted ways because of their different political views with those in power. At this time, he was over 5 years old. Forced by the situation, he left the country of Lu and began a political lobbying that was later called traveling around the world. In the past 14 years, he ran around and was in danger many times and almost died. Although he was welcomed back by Lu, Lu did not use Confucius after all.
since he was in his twenties, Confucius wanted to take a career, so he paid great attention to world affairs, often thought about various issues of governing the country, and often expressed some opinions. By the time he was 3, he was already famous. In the twentieth year of Lu Zhaogong, Qi Jinggong summoned Confucius when he visited Lu, and discussed with him the problem of Qin Mugong's hegemony, from which Confucius got to know Qi Jinggong. In the 25th year of Lu Zhaogong, there was civil strife in Lu, and Lu Zhaogong was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu and went to Qi, where he was appreciated and treated well by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nixi to Confucius, but was stopped by the doctor Yan Ying. In the 27 th year of Lu Zhaogong, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard about it, he asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old, and I can use it." Confucius had to flee back to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, and it was called "accompanying the minister to run the state affairs". Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave it up until Lu Dinggong was appointed as Zhongduzai in 9 years, when Confucius was 51 years old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and with outstanding achievements, he was promoted to a small sikong, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos and taking care of the state of Lu. In the 12th year of Duke Ding of Lu, Confucius took measures to weaken Sanhuan (Ji Sun, Uncle Sun Shi and Meng Sun Shi, who were three grandsons of Lu Huangong, so they called Sanhuan). At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), which was to demolish the castle built by Sanhuan. Later, the action of falling into the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 8 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed, and soon Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, he did not give it to Confucius as usual, which showed that Ji did not want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Lu to find a way out in a foreign country and began a journey around the world. This year,
Confucius took his disciples to Weiguo first, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to the salary standard of Lu, he was given a salary of 6, yuan, but he was not given any official position and was not allowed to participate in political affairs. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 1 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged by people for 5 days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, arrived in Pudi, and met the noble uncle of Weiguo who launched a rebellion and was besieged again. After his escape, Confucius returned to defend the country. Wei Linggong was very happy when he heard that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Pudi, and went out to meet him personally. Since then, Confucius has left the country several times and returned to it several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong was good or bad to Confucius; on the other hand, after Confucius left the country, he had no place to go and had to return.
In the second year of Lu Aigong (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left the country of Wei and went to the State of Chen through Cao, Song and Zheng, and lived in the State of Chen for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the soldiers were in chaos, and Confucius left with his disciples. The Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai and sent people to meet him. Doctors in Chen and Cai countries knew that Confucius had a problem with what they did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which would be bad for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front and the shop in the back. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for 7 days. In the end, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64, and was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68 with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, but he was still respected but not used. Lu Aigong was 16 years old, and Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without healing. (Note: Because the cited materials are contradictory, the events mentioned in the above two paragraphs may be wrong in sequence and time, please correct those who know for sure)
The great educator
Confucius spent more than half of his life teaching, teaching and dispelling doubts. He created effective education and teaching methods; Summarized and advocated a set of correct learning principles; Formed a relatively complete teaching content system; Put forward a series of far-reaching educational ideas; Set a good example of teachers' morality.
Confucius' educational activities can be roughly divided into three stages:
In the first stage, it took about 7 or 8 years from the beginning of running a school to seeking an official position in Qi. At this stage, his disciples are not many, but he has been effective in running schools and has gained a great reputation in society. During this period, Confucius' students included Yan Lu (the father of Yan Hui), who was only 6 years younger than him, and Zilu, who was only 9 years younger than him. Zilu accompanied Confucius almost all his life.
the second stage: from the age of 37 (in the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong, 515 BC) to the age of 55 (in the 13th year of Lu Dinggong, 497 BC), he returned to Lu. This period is 18 years. In these 18 years, although Confucius spent more than four years as an official in politics, he did not stop teaching. This stage is the stage of great development of Confucius' education. His educational experience is getting richer and richer, his educational level is getting higher and higher, his fame is getting bigger and bigger, and he has more and more disciples. In addition to the students of Lu, his students include scholars from Qi, Chu, Wei, Jin, Qin, Chen, Wu and Song. Confucius' prestige has been established. Some of his famous disciples, such as Yan Hui, Zi Gong, Ran Qiu, Zhong Gong, etc., mostly entered Confucius during this period. Some of these disciples later followed him around the world, and some became politicians.
the third stage: from the age of 68 (eleven years in Lu Aigong. In 484 BC), he returned to Lu after traveling around the world, and it was ***5 years until his death. At this time, although he was welcomed back to Lu by Ji Kangzi, Lu Aigong and Ji did not appoint him in the end. Although he is a doctor, he sometimes expresses some political views, but no one listens to him. He concentrated on education and sorting out ancient literature and classics. During this period, he also had many students, and cultivated outstanding disciples such as Zi Xia, Zi You, Zi Zhang and Zeng Shen. Most of these people later engaged in education. It played an important role in the formation and development of Confucian school and the spread of Confucius thought. During his fourteen years of traveling around the world, Confucius never stopped his educational activities. He has lived in Weiguo and Chen for several years without going into politics, and his disciples are around, so it is impossible not to have academic discussions between teachers and students. He took his disciples to travel around the world, which broadened the horizons of these students and honed their will. This can be said to be a special educational activity. Confucius was engaged in education all his life. According to legend, there were 3, disciples and 72 sage disciples, among whom Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong were outstanding in virtue. In terms of language, there are outstanding performances, such as killing me and zi gong, and those with strong ability to handle political affairs are Ran You and Zi Lu. There are Ziyou and Zixia who are familiar with ancient documents. Among Confucius' disciples, many people have made some achievements, which played an important role in politics at that time, especially in the spread of Confucius' thoughts and the formation and development of Confucianism.
Throughout Confucius' life, his influence on his students was partly through word-of-mouth, through studying ancient documents and imparting various skills, and more and more profound was by example. His diligence, his pursuit of truth, ideals and perfect personality, his integrity, kindness, modesty and courtesy, his loyalty to the country and his concern for the people have deeply infected his students and future generations. Strictly demanding oneself and setting an example is not only Confucius' noble morality, but also an educational principle put forward by Confucius. Confucius loves education and students, and teaches tirelessly. He can treat students equally, learn from each other, be strict with himself and set an example. Confucius is a great master with noble morality.
Students have great respect for their teachers. When someone slanders Confucius, they stand up and defend Confucius' noble personality. "Uncle Sun Wushu destroyed Zhong Ni. Zi Gong said,' I don't think so! Zhong Ni is indestructible. The sages of others, the hills, can still surpass them; Zhong Ni, the sun and the moon, have nothing to gain. Although people want to kill themselves, why do they hurt the sun and the moon? It is more common to see that it does not know the amount. " Some of Confucius' disciples have been with Confucius almost all their lives, and their feelings are deeper than those of father and son.
After his death, Confucius was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu. His disciples treated Confucius with the courtesy of his father and mourned for him for three years. Zigong built a hut in front of Confucius' grave and kept it for six years. The pioneer who founded private schools in China's history, the first professional teacher, won the heartfelt respect of his disciples.
Chronicle of Confucius
1 year old: 551 BC (the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Confucius was born in Changping Township, a city in the state of Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child in Niqiu Mountain, it was named Qiu and the word Zhong Ni. There are two kinds of records about the date of Confucius' birth, with a difference of one year. Today, from Historical Records Confucius Family.
3 years old: 549 BC (the 24th year of Duke Xiang of Lu)
His father, Shu Liang, died and was buried in Fangshan (25 miles east of Qufu today). Yan Zhizai, Confucius' mother, moved to Qufu Queli with her son and had a hard life.
5 years old: 547 BC (the 26th year of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Qin Shangsheng, a disciple of Confucius, was born in Lu.
6 years old: BC