In the Ming Dynasty, many central institutions were engaged in the publishing and printing of books, and the contents of printed books were different according to their different functions. Imperial academy mainly printed educational books (such as classics and history books), and Qin printed calendars.
Books are the mainstay, and the Ministry of Ritual is responsible for the printing of local governments. In addition, Duchayuan, Taiyuan, History Museum, Ministry of War, Ministry of Industry, Shuntianfu and other institutions have also engaged in book printing activities. Some departments also have printing houses.
Li Si Jingjing Factory, built in the Ming Dynasty, is the largest printing factory in history, with a total population of 65,438+0,200. Among them, there are more than 700 craftsmen engaged in book binding.
The folk printing industry in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty was also very prosperous, with more than a dozen printing workshops distributed in the capital.
Book binding in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty is a master of all previous dynasties. The format and proportion of books are varied, and the binding forms of books in past dynasties have been adopted, and the technology is more exquisite.
In the Ming Dynasty, the book binding form printed in Beijing was the most representative one. Its printed books on classics and history have sparse layout, regular fonts, big Darkmouth, double fishtail and small double-line annotations.
Word, use Bao Beizhuang. Bibliography is often called "the best in the world". The calendar printed by the factory has two binding forms, one is wrapped in the north, the other is folded in half and printed in ink blue.
Two kinds. There are several different grades of cover materials for various books printed by the factory, most of which are wrapped in yellow silk for the court; Those who wear plain silk are mostly used by officials; Wrap in thick paper
Those that can be used by ordinary officials or sold to the people. The Tripitaka (Northern Tibet) printed by this factory is folded, about one foot long, and the cover is covered with yellow silk and various colors of silk. Its decoration is difficult to study.
Look into it. In the Ming Dynasty, the book Yongle Dadian was written in Beijing by raising iron, with a volume of *** 1 1095. This book is one foot seven inches high and one foot wide. It is the largest book of all ages, similar to the golden ratio. This book is Bao Beizhuang, sealed.
Yellow silk leather binding is the most spectacular book binding in the past.
Thread binding is a new book binding form that rose in Ming Dynasty, and it is also the most perfect book binding form in ancient China. The processing flow of thread-bound books is: folding, matching, bumping, stapling, twisting and matching.
Cover, three-sided cutting, drilling, threading, Bao Shu angle, etc. The covers of thread-bound books in Ming dynasty were mostly paper, made of thick paper or made of several layers of paper rolls. A more exquisite book cover is rolled on thick paper.
Wrapping corners with cloth, silk, brocade, silk, etc. means sticking filaments at the cutting edges of the upper and lower corners of the book binding to make it beautiful and firm. Some books also have roots, that is, the title of the book is written near the lower incision of the opening book.
And the number of volumes, so as to be easy to find when reading. Threaded joints are used for threading. According to the size and design requirements of books, there are four eyes, six eyes and eight eyes. White silk thread is often used to thread double thread, and books should be pressed.
Solid, the line should be tightened. Sun Congtian in the Ming Dynasty said in the Book Collection Summary: "Books should be bound with clear water and white silk thread, and the books should be tied firmly before they are tight."
The cover text of a thread-bound book is called a book note, which only prints or writes the title and volume number on a piece of paper and sticks it on the upper left corner of the cover. The title page contains detailed contents, including the title of the book, the name of the publishing house, and the year of publication.
A more detailed publication is to be published and printed at the back of the book. Some books published by the government also have seals on the first page or cover. The most representative is the "Calendar" printed by the factory, which not only covers
With the official seal of the government and the government statement, the statement shall not be reproduced without permission.
The book binding in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty also included the cover of the letter, so as to package all the volumes of a book into a whole. According to the size and thickness of the book, the cover of the letter is usually covered with blue cloth (or brocade) on the outside of thick cardboard.
System. There are two forms of function sets. One is wrapped all around, exposing the upper and lower mouths of the book, which is called semi-wrapped; The other is to wrap all six sides of the book, which is called full package. In addition to the thick paper cover, there are plywood.
And a wooden box. Plywood is to sandwich two boards the same size as the book on the top and bottom, and then tie them tightly with a cloth belt. A transaction box is made according to the size of a book, and the book is put in it.
In the Beijing edition of the Ming Dynasty, there was also the binding form of page lining paper, which was mostly used for thinner paper. There is a kind of ribbed paper, which is as thin as cicada's wings and has serious through printing. After lining the paper, it not only overcomes the through printing.
Like it, it also increases the strength of the page.
Due to the development of block printing technology, it provides good conditions for book binding art, including layout art, font art, illustration art and multi-color printing of words.
Before the Ming Dynasty, the calligraphy styles of famous artists such as Yan, Ou and Zhao were mostly selected. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the traditional way of writing books was changed to artisan style, horizontal and vertical. This is the book now.
Commonly used Song typefaces. Songti sprouted in the Song Dynasty, but it has not matured to the extent of popularization. During the Chenghua period, imperial academy and Beijing merchants began to use Songti characters in their editions, which quickly spread throughout the country, and font styles became popular.
There are also cases of coarse, medium coarse and fine. The wide application of this special printing font marks the new development of ancient book binding art. The illustration art of ancient books in China has good communication.
System. There were frontispiece paintings in the printing of Buddhist scriptures in Tang Dynasty, and more books with illustrations in Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the art of book illustration reached a high level, which enabled people to carve operas and scripts.
Use more beautifully carved illustrations; Official science and technology books, medical books and local chronicles also use illustrations, especially the enlightenment books used by the court, all of which are printed in simple colors.
Illustration.
Due to the great increase in the output of books, people in the middle and lower classes of society also have the opportunity to study. Judging from the binding form of books, they are also divided into different grades. Even the factory books are divided into different binding documents.
Second, there are both luxury books for the upper class and ordinary books for the middle and lower classes. The printed books of folk workshops are mainly for the public.