During the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the promotion of war and immigration, the well salt industry in the Three Gorges area further developed, which promoted the economic and cultural development of this area, which can be seen from the urban construction and changes in the Xiajiang River Basin. From the cultural point of view, the continuous immigration activities caused by the war have caused unexpected collision and great integration of the three cultures of the Central Plains, Jingchu and Bashu in this area, among which the salt industry economy has played a very important supporting role.
Keywords: war; Immigrants; Salt economy; Three Gorges town; Great cultural integration
After hundreds of years of steady development in Qin and Han Dynasties, by the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the basic pattern of well salt industry in the Three Gorges area had been formed. Wuxian (now governing Wushan and Wuxi in Chongqing, Badong and Jianshi in Hubei), Ren Yao (now governing Yunyang, Kaixian, Wanzhou in Chongqing and some counties in Lichuan in Hubei) and Linjiang (now governing Zhongxian, Liangping, Dianjiang and Wanzhou in Chongqing) were in a relatively stable social state, and their residential areas were also relatively stable.
However, since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, China society has entered a long period of great political division. During this historical period, there were many separatist regimes, frequent dynasty changes, social unrest and people's displacement, so that the long-lost migration tide surged again in China for political and military reasons. The Three Gorges area in eastern Chongqing, which controls the golden waterway of the Yangtze River, has become the main channel for military attacks and immigrants from outside the gorge, which has caused fierce social, economic and cultural impacts in Xiajiang area. Well salt industry, as the main support of social economy in this area, has also been strongly stimulated in the process of frequent wars and constant immigration, showing a different look from Qin and Han dynasties, bringing about social, economic and cultural changes and development in the whole Three Gorges area.
From the fifth year of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty (A.D. 188) to the first year of Emperor Xing Ping of the Han Dynasty (A.D. 194), when Shu was occupied, bureaucrats and people all over the country fled from chaos. The history book says: "Tens of thousands of people in Nanyang and Sanfu fled to Yizhou, but they were called soldiers of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty." ① The refugees in Nanyang area are bound to take away more people from Xiajiang waterway, and many of them are stranded in Xiajiang area.
In the first year of Xingping, Ada died, and the court appointed Liu Zhang as the ambassador to the army, replacing his father Ada to lead Yizhou pastoral; Dong Zhuo, the old general who was in charge of the imperial court at that time, urged Cui Li and Guo Fan to directly appoint Zhao Wei (formerly Sima Xia of Yizhou) as commander-in-chief of the Eastern Expedition in the name of the imperial court, and asked him to lead the troops to attack Jingzhou. At that time, the biography of Shen Mi, Lou Fa and Gan Ning in Ba County said:' Gan Ning is also from Linjiang, Ba County. On the other hand, Zhang will be overwhelmed and leave Jingzhou. Gan Ning and others led the people down the river, in fact, they defected to the Wu Dong regime. However, after receiving the imperial edict, Zhao Yang had other plans. Although he immediately led the troops down the Yangtze River, An Lushan forbeared (his old city was in the old county level, on the north bank of the Yangtze River, more than twenty miles east of Yunyang New County) to stop moving forward. In the same year, Zhao Yang suggested to Liu Zhang to "divide the dam": take Dianjiang (Jialing River and Qujiang River Valley to the north of Hechuan today) as dam county, Jiangzhou (Chongqing) to Linjiang (Zhongxian) as Yongning county, and Zhanren to Yufu (Fengjie) as Guling county. "Ba Sui is divided" 4. An Lushan of Zhao Wei forbeared, dividing Ba county into new Guling county and unifying the two counties is of great significance for saving energy and expanding military strength with the help of well salt. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (AD 200), Zhao Kuangyin thought everything was ready and set out to attack Chengdu, but he was defeated and died. Zhao Kuangyin An Lushan has been stationed in Yan Ren, Yufu and other places for more than six years. This is a short-term military migration, which is closely related to the benefits of well salt in Yan Ren and Yufu counties.
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① ③ Fan Wei: Biography of Ada in the Later Han Dynasty, Volume 05, Photocopy of Twenty-five History by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1986.
② Chen Shou: Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Ada (quoted from Biography of Heroes), a photocopy of Twenty-five History by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. 1986。
(4) According to Ba Zhi, the National Records of Huayang, "In the sixth year of Jian 'an (AD 20 1), the fish returned to Baizhang, vying for the name of Ba", Liu Zhang changed Yongning County to Ba County, Guling County to Badong County, and the original Ba County to Brazil County, "for Sanba". See Changqu: Ba Zhi, Records of Huayang Country (liu ling's Note) Volume I, Bashu Bookstore, 1984.
In the fifteenth year of Jian 'an (AD 2 10), when Liu Bei was in charge of Jingzhou, the place where the salt spring flowed (now Wuxi County) was separated from Wuxian County and set as Beijing County (①). It can be seen that Liu Bei Military Group, which has not yet established the Shu-Han regime, attaches great importance to the production and management of local salt industry in order to obtain the benefits of military salt springs. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 1 1 year), Liu Bei left Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu in Jingzhou and sent tens of thousands of people to Jiangzhou (now Chongqing) via Xiajiang waterway, "from Dianjiang north to Fucheng (now Mianyang, Sichuan)". In the 19th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 14), "Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, etc. Will dispatch troops, decided to Bai Di (now Chongqing Fengjie), Jiangzhou, Jiangyang (now Luzhou, Sichuan), but Guan Yu will stay in Jingzhou ". It can be seen that Zhuge Liang and others also entered Sichuan through the Xiajiang waterway. Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang led troops into Sichuan twice, and many Jingzhou troops were bound to stay in Xiajiang area. This can be regarded as military immigration. In the 21st year of Jian 'an (AD 2 16), Liu Beiren was in Yizhou, divided into Yangqu County and Hanfeng County. At the same time, Liu Bei renamed the six counties of Ren Yao, Yufu, Hanfeng, Yangqu, Yidu and Gyeonggi as Guling County ④. Liu Bei's move of dividing counties into counties not only shows that the Shu-Han regime has strengthened the management of salt industry in six counties, which are also important salt-producing towns, but also shows that with the continuous transit immigrants and military immigrants, the residents in Ren Yao and other places have greatly increased, and the number of people engaged in salt production and transportation will also increase accordingly. In order to strengthen the control of the eastern part of the Three Gorges, the administrative divisions of county-level units in this area will be reduced again after Wu County is included in Jing County.
In the first year of Zhangwu in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 22 1 year), Liu Bei tried to win over local forces and restore the name of Guling County to Badong County. When Liu Bei and Sun Quan attacked Guan Yu together, he wanted to March eastward. In July, he led an army to attack Wu. Sun Quan sent a letter to ask for peace, but he was furious and refused. Wu's generals are Yi Li and Liu Yi. Turn to witches and Zigui; (Shu) Two generals, Wu Ban and Feng, each took his own method and returned to Zigui. In June of the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), General Lu Xun attacked the camp of Shu army, broke more than 40 camps, and defeated Liu Bei in Guizhou Pavilion, killing tens of thousands of people. Later, Liu Bei "gathered in Dege to return to Zigui, scattered soldiers, abandoned boats, returned to fish by himself, changed fish to Yong 'an, and in autumn and August, (Shu) withdrew his troops and returned to witchcraft." At this time, "Brazil county satrap Yan Zhi, sent five thousand people from Ma Zhong to yongan pet-name ruby, in order to strengthen the yongan garrison. From the historical facts of the Shu-Wu War, it can be seen that due to military reasons, there were many transit immigrants in Yufu, Wuxian and Zigui at that time.
In the fourth year of Wei Jingyuan (AD 263), it was destroyed by Cao Wei, and the Shu people moved out on a large scale, "30,000 households were here.
Guanzhong "attending, a considerable part of it also goes eastward through the Xiajiang waterway in eastern Chongqing. In the winter of that year, in order to strengthen the control of Bashu area, Sima Shi, who was in charge of Cao Wei, divided Yizhou into seven counties (Hanzhong, Zitong, Guanghan, Fuling, Ba, Brazil and Badong), and the Three Gorges area belonging to Ba, Fuling and Badong counties was within Liangzhou. After the Jin Dynasty, the war in the north continued, and a large number of northern refugees moved south to Sichuan, while the war in western Sichuan was also fierce, forcing a large number of Sichuan population to move eastward, and the population in the Three Gorges area showed a trend of emigration from west to east. However, the establishment of Dacheng regime in Te Li and Li Xiong led to large-scale population migration in Bashu area. History: "In the second year of Jin Taian (AD 303), more than 100,000 refugees from Yizhou moved to Jingzhou. During the Li Te Rebellion, the three Shu people flowed south, the people went east, the city was empty, and there were no fireworks in the wild. There are100000 families in Jingzhou who are poor tourists. Liu Hongda, the southern Xinjiang army in the town, gave them fields and food, praised their talents, and then used them. The refugees are a little safe. " ⑿ A large part of the population in Upper East and Lower Jingzhou is stranded in the eastern part of the Three Gorges for economic development. They are refugees, but in fact they have become immigrants. Many of them are engaged in salt production and transshipment. Due to the needs of the war and the increase of immigrants, the production of well salt industry in the Three Gorges area was further developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. North Wei Li Daoyuan (? -ad 527), its birth and death time is roughly equivalent to the Southern Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty and Liang Dynasty.
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(1) Press: Yang Shoujing's Revision of the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms said: "There is no such county in the Chronicles of Beijing. According to Huayang's records, the county belongs to Yidu, which was moved by the ancestors when they returned to Guling. It is suspected that it was set by the ancestors when they led Jingzhou. " Ren Naiqiang's Annotation of Huayang National Records said: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bei set up Xiyidu County, Nanjun County, to govern Yiling. At the same time, the Wubei boundary is Beijing County and the witch belongs to Badong. " Liu Lin commented on Huayang National Records, saying: "Beijing, there is no continuation of records in the Han Dynasty. It is doubtful that Liu Bei changed Linjiang County into Yidu County in the 15th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 10). "The views of Mr. Yang, Mr. Ren and Mr. Liu are basically the same. It is speculated that Beijing left Wuxian when Liu Bei was in charge of Jingzhou in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an, not in the twenty-first year of Jian 'an after Liu Bei was appointed as Yizhou. This paper holds this view.
② ⑦ ⑨ ⑿ Guo: Shu Jian, Volume III, the thirty-four-year edition of Ming Jiajing by Bashu Bookstore, 1985.
⑧ ⑧ Chen Shou: The History of the Three Kingdoms and Biography of the Ancient Shu People, Volume 32, a photocopy of Twenty-five History by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1986.
④ ⑤ Changqu: Eight Branches, Volume I of Huayang National Records (liu ling's Note), Bashu Bookstore, 1984.
Attending Chang Qu: Comrade Huayang (liu ling's Note), Volume VIII, Bashu Bookstore, 1984.
⑾ Zi Tongzhi Wei Jianji (Hu Sansheng's Note) Volume 78, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987.
"Water Mirror Zhu Jiang Shui Yue" wrote:
The river flows eastward to Linjiang County and southward to Jiangxian County of Wangmang. Huayang Ji said: the county is 400 miles east of Zhidong, east of Yiren County, and there are salt officials. From the north of the county seat into the Yanjing River (now Jinghe River in Zhongxian County, Chongqing), there are salt wells and households, and streams flow along the river.
This river is in the east, and it will bring together the canals in the south and the north. South water flows out from Fuling county boundary, called Yangxi, and flows north to the west of Nanpuqiao County in Badong County. There are three salt wells on the side of Xixi, separated by dozens of steps, with wood as barrels and a diameter of five feet, which are constantly being repaired and cooked. The stream flows northward into the river, which is called Nanji Canal Mouth, also called Yangxikou (2).
(River) On the left is Tangxi River (now Yunyang Tangxi River). The water source comes from Shang Yong, which is more than 600 miles north of the county seat, and flows south to Lixian County, with 100 salt wells on the two wings. Bachuan is self-sufficient. The particle size is square, the center is convex, and it looks like an umbrella, so it is called "umbrella salt". If it fails, the shape will be square, which is different from ordinary salt.
The river flows eastward into Wuxi water (that is, Daning River, which flows through Wuxi and Wushan counties in Chongqing and joins the Yangtze River in the east of Wushan County). Stream ... Jingjing County is in the west, and the east turns to the north. There is a salt well in the south of the water, and the well is in the north of the county, so the county is named Beijing, and the capital of Jianping County is also ④.
In addition, the Book of Jingzhou written by Sheng Hongzhi during the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties recorded a cloud about Yufu County (5) that ruled Badong County at that time:
Under the eight-array map, in the east three miles, there is a moraine, with hundreds of steps from east to west and forty steps from north to south. There are salt springs on the moraine and five wells in wooden barrels. In the past, salt was often taken. Instant sand comes out in winter and summer.
The well salt produced in Jingxian County, Yun Yun County, Li Daoyuan Province belongs to Jianping County, and there are 100 salt wells in Tangxi Beach, Yiren County, and Bachuan County is self-sufficient. There are three salt wells near Xixibian, Nanpuqiao and Linjiang counties, all of which are from the north of the county. Sheng Hongzhi recorded that fish were recovered. This can also be seen from the urban construction and changes in Wuxian, Gyeonggi, Yufu, Ren Yao and Nanpuqiao counties.
According to Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics, the old town of Wuxian is "surrounded by mountains on all sides, with 110 steps in 12 weeks, deep valleys beside streams and great rivers in the east, west and north". During the period of 1994, the Three Gorges Team of Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted investigation, exploration and trial excavation of Wuxian ancient city. During the period of 1997- 1998, the north wall of Wuxian old city was further excavated. After preliminary investigation and excavation, it is concluded that the site of Wuxian Old Town is basically located in or overlapped with Wuxia Town, the old city of modern Wushan County, and it is further inferred that the construction date of Wushan Old Town is the Western Jin Dynasty. At the same time, the Three Gorges Team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences also found a large-scale Han-Jin period cemetery on the riverbank on the east bank of Daning River in the southwest of Dachangba Shuangyantang Site in Wushan County, and excavated and cleared more than ten masonry tombs of Han-Jin period, and obtained a large number of exquisite funerary objects including copper, pottery, iron, silver and glass, indicating that this is a large-scale Han-Jin period family burial area. It can be seen that the early city site of Taichang County, which was established in the fifth year of Taishi in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 269), is likely to be located there. Beijing County was separated from Wuxian by Liu Bei at the end of Han Dynasty. By the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the salt produced by the northern salt well in the county had been "owned by Jianping County". It can be seen that the seat of Jingxian County (now Wuxi County) is actually a town with a relatively concentrated population because of the prosperity of salt production in the place where salt springs flow in the north of the county (now Ningchang ancient town in Wuxi County). It is no accident that ancient buildings in Wuxian and towns such as Dachang and Beijing appeared in Xiajiang. It shows that in a historical period after entering Jin Dynasty, Wuxian became the central town of salt industry management and trafficking in ancient times because of the convenient location of waterway transportation, which inevitably led to a relatively prosperous commercial market. The ancient towns such as Jingxian County and Taichang County, which are far away from the river, are located on tributaries, but mainly because the salt industry was active at that time and naturally gathered in towns. Because these two ancient towns are located on the Daning River and the Ninghe Xiajiang River is connected by water, we can imagine the prosperity of salt making and selling in this area and the eastern Xiajiang River at that time.
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Li Daoyuan: Notes on Water Classics and Rivers (Notes by Chen Qiao), Volume 33, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 200 1.
⑦ Li Daoyuan: Notes on Water Classics and Rivers (Notes by Chen Qiao), Volume 34, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 200 1.
⑤ According to Volume 1 of Eight Records of Huayang National Records: "Fish will recover the county and govern the county. Gongsun Shu changed its name to Bai Di, and in the second year Zhang Wu changed its name to Yong 'an, which was restored to the Constitution. "Case: Yufu County is now fengjie county, Chongqing.
⑥ Quoted from (Song Dynasty) History of Music: Taiping Universe (volume 148), Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House photocopied Sikuquanshu (volume 1987).
⑧ Zheng Ruokui: Discovery and Research of Archaeological Culture in Wushan County, Chongqing, the third episode of Three Gorges Culture Research, Shantou University Press. 2002。
Scene. Zhu Mu, a Song Dynasty poet, quoted the phrase "Agriculture is not as good as industry, and industry is not as good as commerce" in Ji Jianping, Jingzhou to prove the ancient custom (1), which can explain from one side that after the Western Jin Dynasty, many people in Jianping County belonged to Wuxian, Beijing, Taichang, Jianshi, Zigui and Xingshan, engaged in salt industry economic activities and other commercial activities arising therefrom.
In addition, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics and Rivers records that there are "hundreds of salt wells on the banks of Tangxi River, and Bachuan is self-sufficient", which is the location of Yun 'an Town, Yunyang County, Chongqing. Because Tangxi River passes 30 miles to the south, it is very convenient for salt to be transported out of the well. Therefore, in the late Northern Zhou Dynasty, in order to strengthen the management of salt production and marketing in this area and effectively implement government-run monopoly, the county's administrative office was moved 40% eastward from the old city of "crossing its mountains in the south and bordering the river" (now the old county is flat, and Yunyang New County is 20 miles east). From Sui and Tang Dynasties to today, before the county moved westward to the east of Pengxi Estuary, it was the seat of county administration for nearly 1500 years. We can also know that the salt production and transportation in Tangxi Wharf and Dajiang Port have flourished for many years. With the detention of immigrants, the number of people engaged in salt production and transportation has gradually increased.
In addition, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Waters and Rivers records that "there is a salt well near Xixituan in Nanpuqiao County", that is, Changtan Town, more than 50 miles south of Wanzhou, Chongqing. Modaoxi, originating from Shanshuping, Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County, Chongqing, flows through Changtan Town and joins the Yangtze River at Xinjinkou (called Yangxikou by Li Daoyuan) south of the Yangtze River in Yunyang County, Chongqing. Until the 1970s, most of the river sections from Long Beach to Xinjinkou were still accessible by wooden boats, and shipping was basically connected with major rivers. According to the field investigation, the author understands that since 1957, more than 20 brick arch tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty have been continuously excavated in Shengjiping, Shuijingbao, Liujiapang, Wayaoba, Shilongmen, Guanlin, Wazhuangwu and other places on both sides of Modaoxi in this town, all facing south, and a large number of green mortise and tenon bricks with geometric patterns have been unearthed. Therefore, after Liu Beiren was in Yizhou, he was divided into Yangqu County, and the county was located in Hedong Old Town, Changtan Town, Wanzhou. After the Five Dynasties of Jinping, Nanpu County was established in Yangqu County, and the resettlement place was Nanping Town, Lichuan, Hubei Province. Later, there was chaos in the middle of Shu, and the refugees fled to the old place of Yangqu and set up Nanpuqiao County. Yangqu County and the so-called Nanpuqiao County are both located in Hedong Ancient Town, Changtan Town, Wanzhou. Up to now, there are still many ancient salt wells in the foothills of Modaoxi on the west side of Hedong Old Town, especially in the foothills of Modaoxi on the west side. The author believes that the reason why Changtan Ancient Town became a densely populated area in the south of Wanzhou in eastern Chongqing at that time and was twice classified as County Governance ③ was not only because of the convenient waterway transportation, but also because there was a salt well near Xiqiao, which "had to be cooked"! In the era of frequent wars, the ancient town of Long Beach has become a place where many immigrants fled and migrated because of the benefits of "endless cooking". Due to the increase of population, the urban construction here will inevitably develop accordingly, which can be illustrated from the tombs unearthed in this area.
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①: Sheng Zhou (58 volumes), a photocopy of Si Quan Shu by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987. Case: According to the fifteen-year volume of Geography of the Book of Jin, in the first year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 280), Jianping County owned by Wu and Jin was the same Jianping County, which unified eight counties of "Wu, Jing, Taichang, Xinling, Xingshan, Jianshi, Zigui and Shaqu", accounting for/kloc-. At that time, Badong County had not left Wuxian County.
(2) "Geography of Sui Shu" Volume 29 "Badong County, Yun 'an County" Note: "Old forbearance will change next week. Case: After the Yuan Dynasty, Fang Gaiming was named Yunyang.
(3) Yang Shoujing thinks: "The first place in Shu is Yangqu County, and the second place in Jin is Yangqu County, Nanpu County, which belongs to Badong County, Song, Qi and Liang, that is, Wanxian County is now governed in Jiangbei. Nanpuqiao County is in the south of the Yangtze River. It is not known when it will be placed. " His master Xiong Huizhen said: "Now the Dukou River flows northwest. To the southeast of Wanxian County. " (See Yang Shoujing's Shu, Xiong Shen's Shu, Jiao, and Chen Qiaoyi's Re-proofreading Bamboo Books (Volume 33). Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989) The author thinks that what Yang and Xiong said is quite different from the evolution of Wanxian county that the author learned on the spot. In the second year of the abolition of the Western Wei Dynasty (AD 553), Nanpuqiao County in the south of the Yangtze River in Yiren County was included in some counties, named Yuquan County, and moved to the left of Zhuxi Estuary in Jiangbei (that is, the "Beiji Canal" mentioned in Li Daoyuan's "Water Mirror Pearl River Volume 33"), that is, the south gate of Huancheng Road in Wanzhou Old Town today. During the Tianhe period of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (566-57 1), Yuquan County was renamed Anxiang, Wanchuan County and Wanchuan County. In the 18th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (AD 598), Nanpuqiao County was renamed Nanpuqiao County from Jiangnan. Since the Tang Dynasty, it has been ruled by the state or by counties and cities. Fang Duo has the prefix "ten thousand". Liu Lin's annotation "Huayang Guozhi" says that Yangqu is "the old city is in Wanxian today", and the parenthetical annotation is "the letter slips are said to be built at the foot of Yang Fei Mountain, five miles southwest of Wanxian, and it is said to be the city administration of Wanxian today". Guo Yun, a poet in the Song Dynasty, quoted Shu Jian as saying that the old town of Yangqu is "at the foot of Yang Fei Mountain, five miles southwest of Wanxian County", which is roughly consistent with the location of the old town of Hedong in Changtan Town, which was identified by the author. Today, it is a 58-mile drive from Wanzhou, Chongqing to Changtan Town, but it should be noted that Long Beach is not in the southwest of Wanzhou, but in the southeast. It is wrong to quote Gu Zuyu's Summary of Reading History and Geography to say that Yangqu County is now Wanxian County (now Wanzhou Old Town). In addition, Ren Naiqiang's Annotation of Huayang National Records said: Yangqu is "the old city is now the Dragon Horse Dam". But Longjuba is still 60 miles south of Long Beach.
Liu Bei also divided some counties in the northwest into Hanfeng County. The old city of Hanfeng County is now under the jurisdiction of Kaixian County, Chongqing, and the origin of well salt is Wentang Gorge, which is more than 50 miles north of it. Wentang Gorge is located in the Qingshui section of Pengxi River (now Wenquan Town, Kaixian County), which is what Li Daoyuan called "Baqu Water". Baqu Water flows southwest to its county and west to People's Gorge. Tanjing River flows out of the canyon in the west, Hanfeng County in the east and Pengxi in the west. Pengxikou (located in the west of Xinxian County, Yunyang County) is called Pengxikou, which is 60 miles west of the county seat and flows south into the river. According to on-the-spot investigation, the total length of Wentang Canyon is less than 4 Li, and ancient salt wells are distributed on the east and west sides of the canyon, so far there are still sites to be found. There is a local folklore cloud: "In ancient times, a hunter saw the white sheep licking the salt spring by the river, and it tasted salty, so he dug sand as a pit and took its brine." (2) It is particularly noteworthy here that Xihe River in Dong Tang, Shiren County began to drill wells to get boiled salt as early as the early Western Han Dynasty, and Shiren County was therefore equipped with salt officials. However, Liu Bei designated the upper reaches of Pengxi River in the northwest of Shiren County as Hanfeng County, which also has well salt producing areas. Obviously, this move is entirely out of the actual need to strengthen the management of salt production, transportation and marketing in this area. Because of the prosperity and development of salt industry in this area, not only Hanfeng County has become a densely populated town in this area, but also Chengzhen has gradually gathered at the intersection of Tanjing West and Qingshui (that is, near Wentang Canyon) due to the increase of population.
As for Yufu County, where Badong County is located, it can be seen from the sentence "Salt is used to taking it" recorded in Jingzhou Map that the development of salt industry in this area did not begin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because of its natural barrier of Kuimen, "it is the mouth of Sichuan and controls the upper reaches of Jingchu", which has a very important military position since ancient times. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was set as Yuxian County. After being transferred to Badong County at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the increase of military immigrants and the increase of military demand, the well salt there gradually developed. Baidicheng, where Badong County is located, has become the political, military, economic and cultural center of the Three Gorges area. Due to the relatively concentrated population, the scale of its towns has also expanded accordingly. Li Daoyuan said in "Notes on Water Classics and Rivers": "The river flows eastward to the south of Yong 'an Palace, and Liu Bei finally arrived. Zhuge Liang was also left behind. In the meantime, the flat land can be twenty miles, the mountains and rivers are wide, there is nothing in the gorge, and the city is surrounded by more than ten miles ... "(3) It can be explained that when Liu Bei was defeated and returned to Yufu, and changed to Yufu County as" Yong 'an ",the old city of Bai Di has expanded to the flat and open area in its west (that is, the old city of fengjie county has been evacuated now).
Xiajiang Waterway has been the only main waterway connecting Sichuan Basin and the vast area outside Xiajiang since ancient times. With the needs of the war, the shipbuilding industry has been greatly developed. After the Three Kingdoms, the ark can reach Jason Wu directly, which can provide convenient water transportation conditions for the transportation and sale of salt outside the gorge. Although the salt producing areas in Beijing, Dachang, Yiren, Hanfeng, Yangqu, Linjiang and other counties are located in mountainous areas, they are not far from the big river and are connected by tributaries, which actually provides some convenience for salt to be transported out of the well. Wuxian, Yufu, Yiren, Linjiang and other counties are located in the ports where tributaries flow into the river, controlling the throat of local salt transportation. With the development of salt industry,/these places will become modern towns with concentrated population and developed economy. If the benefits of the well salt and Xiajiang waterway in the Three Gorges are the reasons for the war and immigration in the pre-Qin period, then in the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the well salt industry and waterway transportation in the Three Gorges area were further developed due to the promotion of war and immigration, which further promoted the economic and cultural development of the region, in which the salt industry played a very important supporting role.
The struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu in the Three Kingdoms period was actually a contest among the three economic zones of Central Plains, Jingchu and Bashu, and also a mutual resistance among the three cultural circles of Central Plains culture, Jingchu culture and Bashu culture. Although the above three cultures basically merged in the Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the long-term political division and the existence of local egoism, their respective regional characteristics gradually emerged since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is worth noting that the Three Gorges area, due to its special geographical location and steep terrain, coupled with the salt industry economy, which has always been regarded as the treasure of the country by the rulers of past dynasties, has not only become a channel for the dynasties to use troops to cross the border, but also provided an ideal place for the migrants from the Central Plains and Sichuan who fled and migrated because of the war. It is precisely because of the surge of immigrants caused by the war and the military and political needs of the ruling group that the salt industry economy in this area can be active for a long time and further developed. From a cultural point of view, the continuous immigration activities caused by the war have caused unexpected collision and great integration of the three cultures of the Central Plains, Jingchu and Bashu in this area. Rough, simple, mysterious and sophisticated Ba culture is not only closely integrated with the beautiful and gorgeous Shu culture and the rich and cautious, curious and dexterous Chu culture, but also further integrated with the magnificent and colorful Central Plains culture.
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① ③ Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics and Rivers (Chen Qiaoyi's Note), Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 200 1.
② See my essay: A visit to the ancient salt well in eastern Chongqing, Chongqing today, No.4, 2002.
Research on Salt Industry and Immigrant Culture in Three Kingdoms
Three Gorges in the Three Kingdoms Wei and Jin Dynasties
Also, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Ren Guiyuan
abstract
During the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the salt industry in the Three Gorges area was further developed due to the promotion of war and immigration, which in turn promoted the economic and cultural development. We can find this from the construction and changes of towns along the river. From a cultural point of view, the wars caused by constant migration have caused the three cultures of Central Plains, Chu Jin and Bashu to collide and merge with each other. Among them, salt plays a very important role.