It is generally believed that during the Warring States period, the culture of Qin fell behind the six countries in Shandong, and there is a saying that "Qin is also a tiger and a wolf".
After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it took a series of measures to consolidate its rule, including the famous "Wentong Calligraphy", which unified the different writing styles used by various countries in the Warring States period into the so-called Xiao Zhuan, which was said to have been invented by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty.
"Burning books to bury Confucianism" was a policy pursued by the Qin Dynasty for the stability and unification of the state power, and it was also a kind of destruction of China culture at that time. The policy of "burning books" was aimed at books and cultural relics at that time, only a large number of precious documents necessary for people's livelihood and governing the country were lost, and hundreds of speeches in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were seriously damaged during this period. The policy of "burying Confucianism" is also the first recorded large-scale arrest of intellectuals by state power in the history of China (called "persecution" by Confucianism). But at the same time, there are also views that "burning books to bury Confucianism" has little influence on culture, and the main reasons are as follows: 1. The so-called book burning aims at banning "those who borrow the past and forget the present", and the punishment measures for the amount of books collected are not severe. The books burned are all folk books, not including doctors' books. At that time, there were not many folk poems and books. However, after Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force and entered Xianyang, the fire at Epang Palace destroyed a large number of precious books and records collected by the Qin government. 3. Qin died in, the real implementation time will not exceed ten years, and the impact will not be too great. The reason why "burning books to bury Confucianism" is so famous lies in the "exclusive respect for Confucianism" in later generations, which makes Confucianism occupy the dominant position in China's national ideology for nearly two thousand years.
Han Dynasty is a very glorious period of science and technology culture in China history. The state also attaches great importance to education and knowledge.
Great achievements have been made in academic freedom in the Han Dynasty, and the knowledge of philosophers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period can also be fully displayed, which is not the exclusive admiration for Confucianism as some people say.
The historical standards initiated by writers in Han Dynasty did not lead the world until18th century.
Thought of governing the country in han dynasty. Legalism was adopted in the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Han Dynasty, and Taoism of Huang Lao was the main idea in the Wenjing period, supplemented by Confucianism and Legalism, as the guiding ideology of the legal system. It not only emphasizes inaction, but also attaches importance to the role of courtesy and morality. It not only recognizes the importance of law, but also insists on simplifying the law and serving the people.
The Han Dynasty was the period of the formation and introduction of Taoism and Buddhism in China.
On Qi Ci of Pre-Qin philosophers
First, "debate" and famous scholars.
There is still a period of Keiko in the history of Han Dynasty, but at least after Sui and Tang Dynasties, people can only rely on some ancient books or critical words to get a glimpse of Keiko's debating style. Among some of the available fragments, the best one is the ten topics of Hui Shi's The Meaning of Historical Events compiled by Zhuangzi Tianxia, which are used as examples to argue the outline of "everything is said". The content is as follows:
(1) "Nothing too big, that's called freshman; To the smallest, it is called small. "
(2) "Thick accumulation and thin hair, a thousand miles a day."
(3) "The lowliness of heaven and earth makes the mountains flat."
(4) "If Japan quarrels with China, things will die."
(5) "Much the same, this is called small differences; When everything is over, it is almost said. "
(6) "The South is infinitely poor."
(7) "Today is better than the past."
(8) "Serial solvability."
(9) "I know the center of the world, north of Yan and south of Yue."
(10) "Everything is sentient, and heaven and earth are integrated."
These ten topics all discuss the value of "universal love" through the debate on "contract difference", among which the most noteworthy topics are (1), (5) and (10).
The fifth topic shows the level of "contract difference": the difference between "species" of empirical things and "similarities and differences" within their "genus" is the difference between "small similarities and differences"; Everything is different, but all different things have similarities, because they are all things. This distinction between similarities and differences is the distinction between similarities and differences in the whole experience world. The distinction between "small similarities and differences" is a certain range of "similarities and differences", that is, a certain range of things are also "similarities and differences", and "similarities and differences" is the distinction between "similarities and differences" of everything in the whole experience world, that is, the contractual differences between heaven and earth.
The tenth question is about the value connotation of the distinction between "contract difference": since everything in the world between "freshman" and "freshman" is both "different" and "same", from the perspective of relative "same", "heaven and earth" is originally only "one", and people in this integrated world should love the same kind and "everything".
The above three topics are creative independent meta-topics; Tracing back to these topics, the meaning confirmers of other topics may not lose their differences. The originality of the first and fifth questions is silent, and only from here can the theory of "contract difference" have its recognizable model. The tenth topic seems to be a conclusion derived from all the previous topics. In fact, as a kind of premise recognition, it has endowed other topics with charm from the beginning, so that those "strange words" and "strange theories" will not eventually become a game of machine argument.
The second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth questions are metaphors of the fifth question, which seem to be "strange" and "strange", but their meanings are extremely sincere. Although predecessors have solved these bizarre topics in many ways, here we are still willing to learn from various theories and do further research on the meaning of the topic.
Topic (2): "No thickness can be accumulated, a thousand miles a day."
The key to solve this problem lies in the word "no thickness", which has been studied and demonstrated by predecessors, but most of them are specious and not enough for training. Feng Youlan quoted the so-called "the blade is not thick" in Zhuangzi Health Master to explain the "no thickness" in this topic, which is very enlightening. However, as the saying goes, "no thickness is thin." Extremely thin, as for no thickness, such as the so-called' face' in geometry. If there is no thickness, there can be no volume, but there can be an area, so it can be called' its great distance' (Feng Youlan: History of China Philosophy, p. 247), but it cannot be justified. Hui Shi's "no thickness" refers to the "reality" of the empirical world, such as the "no thickness" of the blade, rather than the "name" (pure concept), such as the "face" of geometry. On the one hand, Feng believes that Hui Shi's topic focuses on "within the image". If we take "no thickness" as the description of "no thickness of the blade" instead of the name of "no thickness" in geometry, then this topic can be interpreted as "non-integrable"-its thickness is difficult to see in all dimensions (product) and cannot be measured. The "real" things that are extremely small and thin (can be described as "no thickness") are inferred from the reasons. In the dynamic extension of thin top and thin bottom, all directions can be as big as a thousand miles. This relative metaphor of small and big is the combination of "different (small but different) and the same (thing without thickness)".
Topic (3): "The lowliness of heaven and earth makes the mountains flat."
"Humble" and "Bi" are connected; People who "compare" are close and close. Xunzi quoted Hui Shi without saying anything: "The mountains are peaceful, and the heaven and the earth are better than each other." Yang? Note: "There is no real shape in the sky, and the sky is above the ground, which is the difference between heaven and earth, and there is no law on the ground." In the mountains, the sky is also high, and in deep springs, it also falls, so it is called the ratio of heaven and earth. The distance between the earth and the sky is almost the same, and it is Yamazawa Hiraya. "With this note, Hui Shi's paper is interesting and clear, and later scholars have no objection, so there is no need to decompose it here." Humble "("comparison ") world," Ping "Yamazawa is just an example of" poor contract ". It is said that Zhihu's "Qi Ci" should arouse a kind of intimacy that literati can understand.
Topic (4): "Japan and China? Things are old and sick. " This means that everything is in the torrent of time, changing all the time, and there will be no instantaneous stop. The "middle" and "inclination" of "day" go hand in hand, and the "life" and "death" of "thing" go hand in hand, revealing the "contract difference" again.
Topic (6): "The South is infinitely poor."
Topic (7): "Today is a good time to go." Mainly law, Confucianism and Taoism.
Qin advocated Han Feizi's legalist culture.
In the early Han Dynasty, Laozi's Taoism ruled by doing nothing. Since Dong Zhongshu ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone, Confucian culture has become the mainstream orthodoxy.
Topic (8): "Serial can be solved."