1. Pay attention to preview and learn to teach yourself.
Be sure to translate word for word with the help of notes before class, and don't wait for the teacher to explain. Pay attention to find out difficult sentences and submit them to class discussion, and ask teachers and classmates for advice. It is necessary to classify keywords, highlight key points and break through difficulties. There are many notional words in classical Chinese that are polysemy and multi-purpose. We should be good at memorizing, comparing, summarizing and sorting out, and learn "words" vividly. You can make a "short list of commonly used classical Chinese words" and list several columns of "words, parts of speech, meaning and example sentences" to systematize your knowledge and improve your learning efficiency.
2. Follow the principle of "word for word"
Whether it is a notional word or a function word, its meaning and usage are always displayed in a specific language environment. When accumulating classical Chinese words, don't memorize them by rote, but try to figure them out in combination with "context". But this method of putting the cart before the horse, if only based on cross talk to explain the meaning, is also very harmful. For example, for the sentence "it is enough to persuade good and abstain from evil", the text notes that "it can persuade good, but not evil." This is just a string of general ideas, but students often interpret it according to it, mistakenly thinking that "as for = can be done" and "enough = not bad" are divorced from the established meaning of words, resulting in wrong concepts. In fact, "as for" and "feet" are not explained. If you think that "persuasion = persuasion", it is out of the specific context, because "persuasion" and doing good cannot match. This "persuasion" is "persuasion" and is synonymous with "persuasion". It is easy to violate the basic principle of understanding the meaning of words without distinguishing between translation and accurate interpretation.
3. Remember the main classical Chinese sentence patterns
There are five kinds of Chinese classic sentence patterns: judgmental sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence, and each sentence pattern has several different forms. Remember the form that is easy to remember and understand. For example, the most striking feature of the judgment sentence in classical Chinese is that the judgment word "yes" is basically not used to express it, but a noun or noun phrase is often used directly as the predicate to judge the subject. Its sentence pattern has the following expressions: (1), "zhe, ..." This is the most common form of judgment in classical Chinese. Using "zhe" after the subject indicates Teton, which has the function of easing the tone. Using "ye" after the predicate ends the sentence and makes a positive judgment or explanation on the subject. Such as: "Chen She people, Yangcheng people also." (Historical Records of Chen She Family, Volume II), "In ...............................................................................................................................................................'s judgment sentences, sometimes" zhe "and" ye "do not necessarily appear at the same time. Generally, "zhe" is omitted and only "ye" is used to judge. For example, "Cao Cao is famous, but he is actually a Chinese thief." (Zi Tongzhi Jian, Volume III), "..., ..." It is not common for some judgment sentences to express Teton only by "zhe" after the subject. Such as: four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father, your father, An Shangchun's father. " (Wang Anshi's Travel Notes of Baochan, Volume 4), ".......................................................................................................................................................... uses the modal particle" this also "at the end of the sentence to strengthen the positive tone. At this time, the "zhe" does not mean Teton, but only acts as an agent. This kind of judgment sentence is also very common in classical Chinese. Such as: "Xu Gong is in the north of the city, and the beauty of Qi is also." ("The Warring States Policy Qi Ce") (5), unmarked judgment sentence. Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) In addition, in classical Chinese, adverbs such as "Nai, Bi, Yi, that is, sincerity, completeness, then" are often added before verb predicates in order to strengthen the judgment mood. It should be noted that the word "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment sentence, but a demonstrative pronoun and the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese before Qin Dynasty, but was more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty. Also, the adverb added before the positive judgment predicate and the negative adverb "Fei" added before the negative judgment predicate are not judgment words.
Step 4 promote reading
Chinese textbooks emphasize reading and reciting classical Chinese. By reading and memorizing more, mastering the knowledge of classical Chinese and understanding the meaning of the text, we can cultivate our sense of language. There are some differences between classical Chinese and modern Chinese in language form. Classical Chinese is an ancient written language based on pre-Qin spoken language, and the works written by writers in ancient times in ancient Chinese language belong to the ancient Chinese system. The main difference between this kind of articles and modern Chinese lies in the language differences. Therefore, the difficulty and focus of classical Chinese learning is also in language. In classical Chinese, indifferent people also cringe; Students and monks are puzzled by the variety, flexible usage and different meanings of ancient and modern words. Special sentence patterns are more different from modern Chinese habits. Therefore, only by reading more books can we cultivate a sense of ancient Chinese language. Only by reading more books can we understand the "blood relationship" between modern Chinese and ancient Chinese and understand the perfection and beauty of classical Chinese. China is an ancient civilization with a long history, and it is also a "big country with words as its carrier". There are many good articles and ideas in classical Chinese. There are a lot of crucial words and sentences that are still in use today. Only through reading, especially reading aloud, can we appreciate its unique taste and significance. Reading can be divided into four steps:
The first step is to read the text roughly with the help of notes Finish the rough reading task in the preview. The primary task of rough reading is to dredge the text, and then perceive the text on this basis, and grasp the structure of the text as a whole. Read it two or three times according to the context, and you should be able to understand the text. In rough reading, you should draw difficult words for discussion in class.
The second step is to ask questions, solve problems and read the text carefully. Through intensive reading in class, we should be able to correct pronunciation, orthomorphism and sentence break accurately, solve difficult problems encountered in rough reading, analyze the structure of the article and improve our understanding of the content of the article.
The third step is to understand and read the text intensively. Try to read tone, intonation and rhythm in intensive reading. Through intensive reading, we can deeply comprehend and understand the work, feel the emotion of the article and grasp the characteristics of the article.
The fourth step is to appreciate and evaluate the text. This step mainly depends on students' initiative after class. We should be familiar with reading, strengthen the learning effect of classical Chinese vocabulary, and deepen our understanding of the content and structure of the text. We should consciously improve our literary appreciation and evaluation ability.
When reading aloud, you should observe its meaning with your eyes, read its voice with your mouth, listen to its words with your ears, think about its meaning with your brain, and mobilize your eyes, mouth, ears and brain.